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Medical and surgical emergencies
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS): Clinical (To be retired)
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Shock: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Positive inotropic medications
Antiplatelet medications
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Burns: Clinical (To be retired)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Parathyroid conditions and calcium imbalance: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Insulins
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Glucocorticoids
Abdominal pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Appendicitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Gallbladder disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Pancreatitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Hernias: Clinical (To be retired)
Bowel obstruction: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Blood products and transfusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Fever of unknown origin: Clinical (To be retired)
Infective endocarditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anthelmintic medications
Antimalarials
Anti-mite and louse medications
Hypernatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyponatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperkalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypokalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Toxidromes: Clinical (To be retired)
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Acute kidney injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Seizures: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Migraine medications
Osmotic diuretics
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Opioid antagonists
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical (To be retired)
Pleural effusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumothorax: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
0 / 9 complete
of complete
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Hypothyroidism is a condition that’s caused by having insufficient thyroid hormones.
Thyroid hormone production is under the control of the hypothalamus and the pituitary.
The hypothalamus secretes thyrotropin releasing hormone, or TRH, and TRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone, or TSH.
TSH then binds to TSH receptors, which makes the thyroid secrete thyroxine, or T4 and triiodothyronine, or T3, in the blood. But this is not a one-way street - there’s also negative feedback happening, meaning when thyroid hormone levels rise, that inhibits the production of TSH and TRH, halting further production of T3 and T4 - to keep everything in balance.
Normally, some thyroid hormones travel through the bloodstream bound to thyroid binding globulin, and some are in their free form. And the thyroid actually makes more T4 than T3, and that T4 is converted to the more potent T3 in the periphery.
Thyroid hormones then increase the rate of metabolism in all cells, so they make us think, move, and talk faster, and they also increase heat generation. They also activate the sympathetic nervous system, the part of the nervous system responsible for our ‘fight-or-flight’ response, increasing cardiac output.
So with hypothyroidism, it’s like the entire body is functioning in slow motion - but this happens gradually, so it can take years before symptoms are even recognized. These include weight gain despite a loss in appetite because of the lower basal metabolic rate; cold sensitivity because the body is producing less heat; and slower heart rate, mental slowness, lethargy, and constipation because of the decreased effect of thyroid hormones on the sympathetic nervous system.
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