Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

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Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Pathology

General infections

Sepsis

Neonatal sepsis

Abscesses

Hypersensitivity reactions

Type I hypersensitivity

Food allergy

Anaphylaxis

Asthma

Type II hypersensitivity

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Goodpasture syndrome

Rheumatic heart disease

Myasthenia gravis

Graves disease

Pemphigus vulgaris

Type III hypersensitivity

Serum sickness

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Type IV hypersensitivity

Graft-versus-host disease

Contact dermatitis

Transplants

Transplant rejection

Graft-versus-host disease

Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)

Immunodeficiences

X-linked agammaglobulinemia

Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency

Common variable immunodeficiency

IgG subclass deficiency

Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome

Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency

Thymic aplasia

DiGeorge syndrome

Severe combined immunodeficiency

Adenosine deaminase deficiency

Ataxia-telangiectasia

Hyper IgM syndrome

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Chronic granulomatous disease

Complement deficiency

Hereditary angioedema

Asplenia

Immune system organ disorders

Thymoma

Ruptured spleen

Immune system pathology review

Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review

Assessments

Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review

USMLE® Step 1 questions

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Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

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A 2-year-old boy is brought to his primary pediatrician for evaluation of recurrent infections. The parents report the patient had two episodes of severe pneumonia, an episode of otitis media, and herpes labialis in the past nine months. He was born at 38 weeks gestation to a 28-year-old otherwise healthy woman. He eats and drinks normally and has achieved the normal developmental milestones. Vitals are within normal limits. Physical examination demonstrates a well-developed and well-nourished child with fair complexion. He has eczema on his cheeks and trunk as well as petechiae on the bilateral lower extremities. Laboratory evaluation reveals a leukocyte count of 8,000/mm3 and a platelet count of 70,000/mm3. Flow cytometry of peripheral lymphocytes reveal absence of the WAS protein. Which of the following immunologic processes is most likely affected given this patient's findings?

Transcript

Content Reviewers

Antonella Melani, MD

Antonia Syrnioti, MD

Contributors

Evan Debevec-McKenney

Jessica Reynolds, MS

Aurora, an 18 month old girl, is brought to the clinic because of frequent respiratory and ear infections. At first glance, you notice she has some small dilated blood vessels over the sclera of her eyes. Upon physical examination, you also realize that she has a delay in speech, as well as frequent stumbling when walking. Laboratory studies are obtained, showing a low lymphocyte count, low immunoglobulin levels, and high alpha-fetoprotein or AFP. Next comes Mathew, a 16 month old boy that’s brought to the clinic because of a skin rash that appeared on his back since infancy and won’t go away. Mathew’s mother also tells you that he has frequent spontaneous nosebleeds, and has had recurrent respiratory tract infections over the last few months. Laboratory studies are obtained, revealing that Mathew’s platelets are quite small in size and fewer than normal, while the immunoglobulins IgA and IgE are increased.

Based on the initial presentation, both cases seem to have some form of combined B- and T-cell disorder causing immunodeficiency, meaning that their immune system's ability to fight pathogens is compromised. Combined B- and T-cell disorders are characterized by defects in the development of both B and T cells, which respectively lead to impaired antibody and cellular immune responses. For your exams, the most high yield combined B- and T-cell disorders include severe combined immunodeficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, hyper IgM syndrome, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

Okay, then! Starting with severe combined immunodeficiency, or SCID for short, which is the most severe form of primary immunodeficiencies. In fact, the immune system is so dysfunctional that it’s considered almost completely absent.

Now, for your exams, remember that SCID can be caused by mutations in a variety of genes, the most common one codes for the gamma chain of the IL-2 receptor. For your exams, remember that this mutation is X-linked recessive. Okay, now, this protein is a necessary component of the IL-2 receptor, which is involved in lymphocyte maturation and activation. In SCID, the mutated gamma chain leads to the production of a defective IL-2 receptor, and thus a lack of functional mature lymphocytes.

Sources

  1. "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
  2. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  3. "Educational paper" European Journal of Pediatrics (2011)
  4. "Severe Combined Immunodeficiences: New and Old Scenarios" International Reviews of Immunology (2012)
  5. "Sur un syndrome progressif comprenant des télangiectasies capillaires cutanées et conjonctivales symétriques, à disposition naevoïde et des troubles cérébelleux" Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (1941)
  6. "Ataxia-telangiectasia: an overview 19:1-63" Kroc Found Ser (1985)
  7. "Localization of an ataxia-telangiectasia gene to chromosome 11q22-23." Nature. 336(6199):577-580 (1988)
  8. "Advances in Cancer Research" G.F.V. (2001)
  9. "Pedigree demonstrating a sex-linked recessive condition characterized by draining ears, eczematoid dermatitis and bloody diarrhea 13(2):133-139" Pediatrics (1954)
  10. "Primary immunodeficiencies associated with eosinophilia" Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology (2016)
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