Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
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Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Medicine and surgery
Allergy and immunology
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Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
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Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
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Nephrology and urology
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
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Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
USMLE® Step 2 questions
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The patient is extremely worried about recurrence and would like to know how she can prevent future episodes. In addition to recommending increased fluid intake, which of the following would be the most appropriate response by the physician?
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Anca-Elena Stefan, MD
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Kidney stones, also called nephrolithiasis, urolithiasis, or renal calculi, can form in the kidneys, but also in the ureters, bladder, or the urethra.
They appear when solutes in the urine precipitate and crystalize. Depending on which solute precipitates to form the stone, there can be calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, cystine, and struvite stones.
Risk factors for developing kidney stones depend on their composition.
Risk factors for calcium oxalate stones include high urine calcium, high urine oxalate, low urine citrate, and dietary factors include low calcium, low potassium, and low fluid intake, as well as a high oxalate, and a high animal protein intake.
Calcium phosphate stones usually develop in individuals with renal tubular acidosis type I and II.
Uric acid stones can form when urine pH is persistently below 5.5, which can happen with chronic diarrhea or conditions like gout, diabetes, and obesity.
Cystine stones occur in the setting of cystinuria - a genetic condition where too much cystine is excreted.
Finally, struvite stones, also called staghorn calculi, are made up of magnesium ammonium phosphate, and the main risk factor is a urinary tract infection with a bacterium that produces urease - like Proteus and Klebsiella. These bacteria increase urine pH, making it a favorable environment for magnesium ammonium phosphate to precipitate.
Sometimes, kidney stones can be asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during an ultrasound or a CT-scan.
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