Rishi Desai, MD, MPH

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Wikipedia

First Aid 

Prevention ▪ Community surveillance, transmission methods education ▪ Safe water precautions ▫ Nylon ﬁlters for water ﬁltration, insecticides in drinking water courses, water source covering (prevents infected body-part immersion) ▪ Occlusive dressings applied to papules  LOA LOA (EYE WORM) osms.it/loa-loa PATHOLOGY & CAUSES ▪ Vector-borne ﬁlarial nematode endemic in Africa ▫ Characterization: transient swelling episodes, subconjunctival adult worm migration ▪ AKA African eye worm ▪ Allergic reaction ▪ Subconjunctival inﬁltration ▫ Associated with conjunctivitis, eyelid swelling Life cycle/transmission ▪ Vector ▫ Chrysops (biting deer ﬂy; AKA tabanid ﬂy) ▫ Breed in rainforest canopies, lay eggs in muddy swamps; bite humans during daytime ▪ Tabanid ﬂy human bite → ﬁlarial larvae transmission → three month maturation process → microﬁlarial production → bloodstream release ( ↑ release during daytime) → tabanid blood meal (infected individual) → ﬁlarial maturation in tabanid ﬂy  RISK FACTORS  ▪ Endemic-area residence/travel ▫ Eastern, Central Africa  446 OSMOSIS.ORG  COMPLICATIONS  ▪ Onchocerciasis co-infection ▪ Encephalitis (coincident headache, insomnia, coma may result) ▪ Cardiomyopathy (endomyocardial ﬁbrosis) ▪ Nephropathy ▪ Arthritis ▪ Lymphadenitis ▪ Calabar swelling → entrapment neuropathy  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS Allergic reactions ▪ Calabar swellings ▫ 5–20cm/2–7.9in non-erythematous lesions ▫ Transient, local subcutaneous swelling; face, extremities most common; localized pain, itching prior to swelling episodes ▫ Urticaria, pruritus, asthma Subconjunctival eye infection ▪ Commonly non-painful inﬁltration of eye subconjunctival area; conjunctivitis may occur (with eyelid swelling) ▪ Worm may be visible   

Loa Loa

Tissue Nematodes

Bacterial structure and functions

Introduction to bacteria

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

Streptococcus viridans

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)

Enterococcus

Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)

Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)

Nocardia

Actinomyces israelii

Gram positive bacteria

Escherichia coli

Salmonella (non-typhoidal)

Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Enterobacter

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Shigella

Proteus mirabilis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)

Serratia marcescens

Bacteroides fragilis

Yersinia pestis (Plague)

Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

Helicobacter pylori

Campylobacter jejuni

Neisseria meningitidis

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Moraxella catarrhalis

Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)

Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis/Whooping cough)

Brucella

Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)

Pasteurella multocida

Gram negative bacteria

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

Mycobacterium leprae

Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)

Mycobacteria

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Chlamydia trachomatis

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)

Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)

Leptospira

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Ehrlichia and Anaplasma

Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)

Other bacteria

Bacteriology

Viral structure and functions

Introduction to viruses

Varicella zoster virus

Cytomegalovirus

Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Herpes simplex virus

Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)

Adenovirus

Parvovirus B19

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus

Human papillomavirus

Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)

BK virus (Hemorrhagic cystitis)

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

DNA viruses

Poliovirus

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Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus

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Prions and virioids

Virology

Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis

Histoplasmosis

Blastomycosis

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Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

Candida

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Aspergillus fumigatus

Sporothrix schenckii

Cryptococcus neoformans

Opportunistic fungal infections

Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)

Cutaneous fungal infections

Mycology

Plasmodium species (Malaria)

Babesia

Giardia lamblia

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Cryptosporidium

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Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)

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Trypanosoma brucei

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Trichomonas vaginalis

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Protozoa

Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)

Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)

Ascaris lumbricoides

Anisakis

Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus

Strongyloides stercoralis

Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)

Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)

Trichinella spiralis

Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)

Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Paragonimus westermani

Clonorchis sinensis

Schistosomes

Worms

Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)

Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)

Ectoparasites

Parasitology

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Antituberculosis medications

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Antibiotics

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Hepatitis medications

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Herpesvirus medications

Antivirals

Azoles

Echinocandins

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Antifungals

Anthelmintic medications

Antimalarials

Anti-mite and louse medications

Antiparasitics

Pharmacology

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Videos

Notes

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Protozoa

Worms

Ectoparasites

Assessments

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USMLE® Step 1 questions

High Yield Notes

Flashcards

Loa loa (Eye worm)

Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

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External References

First Aid

Loa loa p. , 155, 156

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