Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
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Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
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Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
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Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
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Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
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Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
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Kyphosis p. 83
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Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Samantha McBundy, MFA, CMI
Evode Iradufasha, MD
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis refer to curvatures of the spine.
Lordosis refers to the normal inward curvatures of the spine at the cervical and lumbar regions, while kyphosis refers to the normal outward curvature of the spine specifically at the thoracic region.
These terms get used interchangeably with hyperlordosis and hyperkyphosis, which means that the curves look abnormally pronounced.
Finally there’s scoliosis which always refers to the abnormal sideways curves of the spine.
Now, the bony spine is made of vertebral bones, and there are intervertebral discs that sit between adjacent vertebrae.
The spine is made of 33 vertebrae, which can be divided into 5 regions.
The cervical region has 7 vertebrae, the thoracic region has 12 vertebrae, the lumbar region has 5 vertebrae, the sacral region has 5 vertebrae, and the small tail-like coccygeal region is made up of 4 fused vertebrae.
Normally, the cervical and the lumbar spines slightly curve inward.
This results from the fact that the intervertebral discs in these two regions are thicker anteriorly than posteriorly, which causes this part of the spine to lean forward.
On the other hand, the thoracic and the sacral spines are normally curved backward, which is normal kyphosis.
Lordosis and kyphosis are typically associated with underlying conditions.
For example, in osteoporosis the bones become porous and weak, and can develop compression fractures causing the bones to collapse a bit.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw Hill Professional (2019)
- "Back and Abdominals" Deep Tissue Massage Treatment (2013)
- "Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects" American Journal of Roentgenology (1980)
- "Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with other non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis" Physiotherapy (2019)
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