Lower urinary tract infection
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Lower urinary tract infection
Pathology
Renal and ureteral disorders
Renal agenesis
Horseshoe kidney
Potter sequence
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypophosphatemia
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypokalemia
Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia
Renal tubular acidosis
Minimal change disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Amyloidosis
Membranous nephropathy
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Goodpasture syndrome
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Alport syndrome
Kidney stones
Hydronephrosis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Prerenal azotemia
Renal azotemia
Acute tubular necrosis
Postrenal azotemia
Renal papillary necrosis
Renal cortical necrosis
Chronic kidney disease
Polycystic kidney disease
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary sponge kidney
Renal artery stenosis
Renal cell carcinoma
Angiomyolipoma
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
WAGR syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Bladder and urethral disorders
Posterior urethral valves
Hypospadias and epispadias
Vesicoureteral reflux
Bladder exstrophy
Urinary incontinence
Neurogenic bladder
Lower urinary tract infection
Transitional cell carcinoma
Non-urothelial bladder cancers
Renal system pathology review
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Assessments
Lower urinary tract infection
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Lower urinary tract infection
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First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Acute cystitis p. 618
Cystitis
acute bacterial p. 618, 625
squamous cell carcinoma risk p. 624
Dysuria p. 678
cystitis p. 179
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Tanner Marshall, MS
With cystitis, cyst- refers to the bladder, and -itis refers to inflammation, therefore cystitis describes an inflamed bladder, which is usually the result of a bacterial infection, but also can result from fungal infections, chemical irritants, foreign bodies like kidney stones, as well as trauma.
Now a urinary tract infection, or UTI, is any infection of the urinary tract, which includes the upper portion of the tract—the kidneys and ureters, and the lower portion of the tract—the bladder and urethra.
So cystitis, when it’s caused by an infection, is a type of lower UTI.
Lower UTIs are almost always caused by an ascending infection, where bacteria typically moves from the rectal area to the urethra and then migrate up the urethra and into the bladder.
Having said that, on rare occasions, a descending infection can happen as well where bacteria starts in the blood or lymph and then goes to the kidney and makes its way down to the bladder and urethra.
Normally, urine is sterile, meaning bacteria doesn’t live there; the composition of urine, which has a high urea concentration and low pH, helps keep bacteria from setting up camp.
Also, though, the unidirectional flow in the act of urinating also helps to keep bacteria from invading the urethra and bladder.
Some bacteria, though, are better surviving in and resisting these conditions, and can stick to and colonize the bladder mucosa.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infection and Pyelonephritis" Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America (2011)
- "Diagnosis and management of urinary infections in older people" Clinical Medicine (2011)
- "The nature of immune responses to urinary tract infections" Nature Reviews Immunology (2015)
- "Urinary tract infections in women" European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology (2011)
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