Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
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Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Medicine and surgery
Allergy and immunology
Antihistamines for allergies
Glucocorticoids
Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypertension: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Antiplatelet medications
Dermatology and plastic surgery
Hypersensitivity skin reactions: Clinical (To be retired)
Eczematous rashes: Clinical (To be retired)
Papulosquamous skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Alopecia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypopigmentation skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Benign hyperpigmented skin lesions: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Endocrinology and ENT (Otolaryngology)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Dizziness and vertigo: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism medications
Hypothyroidism medications
Insulins
Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues
Miscellaneous hypoglycemics
Gastroenterology and general surgery
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Malabsorption: Clinical (To be retired)
Colorectal cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Anal conditions: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Breast cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Hematology and oncology
Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Infectious diseases
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anti-mite and louse medications
Nephrology and urology
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
PDE5 inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Neurology and neurosurgery
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Migraine medications
Pulmonology and thoracic surgery
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Antihistamines for allergies
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Rheumatology and orthopedic surgery
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Osteoporosis medications
Assessments
Lung cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
USMLE® Step 2 questions
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USMLE® Step 2 style questions USMLE
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Marisa Pedron
Kara Lukasiewicz, PhD, MScBMC
Elizabeth Nixon-Shapiro, MSMI, CMI
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide in both males and females. It’s broadly classified into non-small cell lung cancer; accounting for 85% of all lung cancers, and small cell lung cancer, accounting for the remaining 15%.
Small cell lung cancers are centrally located in the lung. Non-small cell lung cancer is further subclassified into four subtypes, the most common one is adenocarcinoma, which usually develops at the periphery of the lung. There’s also the term bronchoalveolar carcinoma which refers to adenocarcinoma-in-situ, which is where the adenocarcinoma tumor isn’t quite as aggressive and hasn’t yet crossed the basement membrane. The other 3 subtypes of non-small cell cancer include squamous cell carcinoma and carcinoid tumors; which are usually centrally located, as well as the rare large cell carcinoma; which can be located either centrally or peripherally.
Now the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for more than 90% of cases. This usually comes in the form of cigarettes, but also includes cigars, pipes, and hookah, also called shisha. There is a dose-dependent linear relationship between the pack-years - the number of cigarette packs per day times the number of years of smoking - and the risk of lung cancer. Second-hand smoking, which is involuntarily inhaling tobacco smoked by other people, also increases the risk of lung cancer.
Additionally individuals exposed to asbestos for a long period of time such as those working in shipbuilding or construction industry, are also at increased risk. Although classically associated with mesothelioma, which is a malignancy of the pleura, asbestos more commonly causes adenocarcinoma. Other risk factors include radon exposure, which is found in high concentrations in basements, as well as exposure of chest radiation, such as in treatment of lymphoma.
Sources
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology" Saunders W.B. (2018)
- "Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking" LWW (2017)
- "Small cell lung cancer" Annals of Oncology (2006)
- "American Cancer Society lung cancer screening guidelines" CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2013)
- "Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Volume CT Screening in a Randomized Trial" New England Journal of Medicine (2020)
- "Reduced Lung-Cancer Mortality with Low-Dose Computed Tomographic Screening" New England Journal of Medicine (2011)
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