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Measles virus

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High Yield Notes

6 pages

Flashcards

Measles virus

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Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

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A 6-month-old boy was brought to the emergency department by his parent because of a high-grade fever and a rash for the past 2 days. The rash first appeared on his face and has now spread over his entire body. Prior to the onset of the rash, the patient had a cough, rhinorrhea and pink eyes. He has not received any vaccinations due to parental preference. The rest of the history is noncontributory. Temperature is 39.6°C (103.3°F), pulse is 98/min, respirations are 31/min and blood pressure is 85/60 mmHg. Physical examination shows a tired and restless child with a diffuse, erythematous, maculopapular rash all over the body sparing the palms and soles. Oral examination shows tiny, white round lesions on the buccal mucosa. No pharyngeal exudates are seen. The patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following complications? 

Memory Anchors and Partner Content

External References

First Aid

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Conjunctivitis p. 549

rubeola p. 167, 178, 183

Encephalitis

rubeola p. 167

Maculopapular rash

rubeola p. 167

Measles p. 167, 178

paramyxovirus p. 164, 166

presentation p. 722

unvaccinated children p. 183

vitamin A for p. 64

Paramyxoviruses p. 166

measles p. 166

Rashes

measles p. 167

External Links

Transcript

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Content Reviewers

Rishi Desai, MD, MPH

Measles is one of the most contagious infectious diseases, and remains a leading cause of death particularly among young children, especially in areas with low rates of vaccination.

Measles is also called rubeola, which can easily get confused with German measles which is also called rubella—similar sounding names but very different viruses.

Regular measles is caused by the measles virus, seriously, the species is the “measles virus”, of the genus Morbillivirus and family Paramyxoviridae.

The reason why this guy’s so contagious is that it’s airborne, and spreads via tiny liquid particles that get flung into the air when someone sneezes or coughs, and can live for up to two hours in that airspace or nearby surfaces.

If someone breathes in that air or touches a surface and then touches their eyes, their eyes, or their mouths, they can become infected.

Measles is so contagious that if one person has it, 90% of nearby non-immune people will also become infected.

Once the measles virus gets onto the mucosa of an unsuspecting person, it quickly starts to infect the epithelial cells in the trachea or bronchi.

Measles virus uses a protein on its surface called hemagglutinin, or just H protein, to bind to a target receptor on the host cell, which could be CD46, which is expressed on all nucleated human cells, CD150, aka signaling lymphocyte activation molecule or SLAM, which is found on immune cells like B or T cells, and antigen-presenting cells, or nectin-4, a cellular adhesion molecule.

Once bound, the fusion, or F protein helps the virus fuse with the membrane and ultimately get inside the cell.

Now this virus is a single-stranded RNA virus, and it’s also a negative sense, meaning it first has to be transcribed by RNA polymerase into a positive-sense mRNA strand.

After that it’s ready to be translated into viral proteins, wrapped in the cell’s lipid envelope, and sent out of the cell as a newly made virus.

Within days, the measles virus spreads through local tissue and is picked up by dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages, and carried from that local tissue in the lungs to the local lymph nodes.