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Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Adult brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Migraine
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migraine headaches p. 536
migraine headaches p. 536
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TCAs as, prophylaxis p. 599
butorphanol for p. 572
hormonal contraception contraindication p. 681
triptans for p. 567
migraine headaches p. 536
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migraine headaches p. 536
for migraine headaches p. 536
migraine headaches p. 536
Headaches are a type of terrible pain in the head and neck, and there are two main types.
The first are called primary headaches, and they’re more common. These are chronic or recurrent headaches, that account for over 90% of all headaches.
Some examples, are migraine headaches, tension headaches, and cluster headaches.
The second type are called secondary headaches, and these are acute headaches from a specific underlying cause like a serious head injury or a brain tumor.
So normally, throughout the body, there are special neurons that act as pain receptors.
These neurons convert a painful stimulus into an electrical signal that conveys the feeling of “pain” to the brain.
The brain itself does not have pain receptors, but nearby tissues in the head and neck like the blood vessels, meninges, and muscles do have pain receptors.
These pain receptors might be stimulated by a variety of things such as blood vessel spasm like in vasculitis, increased pressure like from a tumor, inflammation like in meningitis, or increased muscle tension like in temporomandibular disorder.
That helps explain the pain in secondary headaches.
Now, in primary headaches the exact mechanisms are unknown.
Tension headaches are the most common primary headache.
It’s called a tension headache because it feels like a band squeezing down on the head applying constant pressure or tension on it.
The pain is mild to moderate, can last a few hours, and usually there are no associated symptoms.
Tension headaches are usually triggered by stress, lack of sleep, and dehydration - imagine being late to work after a night of drinking heavily and not sleeping much.
Migraines are the second most common primary headache.
A migraine is a type of headache that presents with recurrent episodes of (usually) unilateral, throbbing headaches. It may be accompanied by sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, and a preference for a quiet environment.
Sometimes there can be an aura where people experience strange smells, lights, visual disturbances, or even hallucinations before the onset of the migraine. The cause of migraine is not yet known, but it is believed to have a genetic predisposition, and risk factors such as alcohol, hormonal changes in women, fasting, disorganized sleeping patterns, etc.
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