Migraine

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Migraine

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USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

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A 30-year-old woman comes to the emergency department due to right-sided tingling and weakness, as well as a severe headache. She says she started experiencing problems with her vision two hours ago, followed by tingling in her right hand. After this, she began experiencing weakness in her right hand, which progressively extended to her right arm and face, as well as a severe, unilateral throbbing headache that is still ongoing. Her medical history is significant for migraines, but mentions that this time it “feels different.” She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 85/min, and blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg. Physical examination shows 4/5 muscle strength on the right side compared to 5/5 on the left, as well as mildly reduced sensation on the right side. Ophthalmologic examination shows decreased vision and central scotoma in the right eye. Computed tomography is obtained and shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?  

External References

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Amitriptyline p. 593

migraine headaches p. 532

β -blockers p. 245

migraine headaches p. 532

Calcium channel blockers p. 323

migraine headaches p. 532

Migraine headache

TCAs as, prophylaxis p. 593

Migraine headaches p. 532

butorphanol for p. 567

hormonal contraception contraindication p. 675

triptans for p. 562

Nausea

migraine headaches p. 532

Topiramate

migraine headaches p. 532

Trigeminal nerve (CN V) p. 519

migraine headaches p. 532

Triptans p. 562

for migraine headaches p. 532

Valproate

migraine headaches p. 532

Transcript

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Headaches are a type of terrible pain in the head and neck, and there are two main types.

The first are called primary headaches, and they’re more common. These are chronic or recurrent headaches, that account for over 90% of all headaches.

Some examples, are migraine headaches, tension headaches, and cluster headaches.

The second type are called secondary headaches, and these are acute headaches from a specific underlying cause like a serious head injury or a brain tumor.

So normally, throughout the body, there are special neurons that act as pain receptors.

These neurons convert a painful stimulus into an electrical signal that conveys the feeling of “pain” to the brain.

The brain itself does not have pain receptors, but nearby tissues in the head and neck like the blood vessels, meninges, and muscles do have pain receptors.

These pain receptors might be stimulated by a variety of things such as blood vessel spasm like in vasculitis, increased pressure like from a tumor, inflammation like in meningitis, or increased muscle tension like in temporomandibular disorder.

That helps explain the pain in secondary headaches.

Now, in primary headaches the exact mechanisms are unknown.

Tension headaches are the most common primary headache.

It’s called a tension headache because it feels like a band squeezing down on the head applying constant pressure or tension on it.

The pain is mild to moderate, can last a few hours, and usually there are no associated symptoms.

Tension headaches are usually triggered by stress, lack of sleep, and dehydration - imagine being late to work after a night of drinking heavily and not sleeping much.

Migraines are the second most common primary headache.

Summary

A migraine is a type of headache that presents with recurrent episodes of (usually) unilateral, throbbing headaches. It may be accompanied by sensitivity to light, nausea and vomiting, and a preference for a quiet environment.

Sometimes there can be an aura where people experience strange smells, lights, visual disturbances, or even hallucinations before the onset of the migraine. The cause of migraine is not yet known, but it is believed to have a genetic predisposition, and risk factors such as alcohol, hormonal changes in women, fasting, disorganized sleeping patterns, etc.

Sources

  1. "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
  2. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  3. "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  4. "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
  5. "Caffeine and Primary (Migraine) Headaches—Friend or Foe?" Frontiers in Neurology (2019)
  6. "Primary headaches during lifespan" The Journal of Headache and Pain (2019)
  7. "Migraine Treatment: Current Acute Medications and Their Potential Mechanisms of Action" Neurotherapeutics (2017)
Elsevier

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