Miscarriage
37,332views
00:00 / 00:00
Videos
Notes
Miscarriage
Reproductive system
Male and female reproductive system disorders
Precocious puberty
Delayed puberty
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Kallmann syndrome
Male reproductive system disorders
Hypospadias and epispadias
Bladder exstrophy
Priapism
Penile cancer
Prostatitis
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Cryptorchidism
Inguinal hernia
Varicocele
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Testicular torsion
Testicular cancer
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Female reproductive system disorders
Amenorrhea
Ovarian cyst
Premature ovarian failure
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Ovarian torsion
Krukenberg tumor
Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor
Surface epithelial-stromal tumor
Germ cell ovarian tumor
Uterine fibroid
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometrial cancer
Choriocarcinoma
Cervical cancer
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Mastitis
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Phyllodes tumor
Paget disease of the breast
Breast cancer
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Gestational hypertension
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Gestational diabetes
Cervical incompetence
Placenta previa
Placenta accreta
Placental abruption
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Intrauterine growth restriction
Preterm labor
Postpartum hemorrhage
Chorioamnionitis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital syphilis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Congenital rubella syndrome
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal meningitis
Miscarriage
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Ectopic pregnancy
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Reproductive system pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Breast cancer: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Amenorrhea: Pathology Review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Assessments
Miscarriage
Flashcards
0 / 18 complete
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 2 complete
High Yield Notes
9 pages
Flashcards
Miscarriage
of complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
External References
First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Spontaneous abortion
antiphospholipid syndrome p. 480
fibroid tumors p. 665
Listeria monocytogenes p. , 137
syphilis p. 181
Vitamin A excess p. 638
warfarin p. 638
External Links
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHA miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion, is defined as a pregnancy loss that occurs without outside intervention before the 20th week of pregnancy.
Pregnancy is so complex that there are many different ways for the process to get off course and for a miscarriage to occur.
For example, if there’s a chromosomal abnormality in the sperm or egg then the resulting zygote will have a problem.
One of these problems is called aneuploidy, which is when there are missing chromosomes or additional chromosomes.
For example, if there’s one member of a chromosome pair missing, that results in 45 chromosomes total, instead of the normal 46, it’s called a monosomy.
And if there’s one extra chromosome joining a pair, that results in 47 chromosomes total, and it’s called a trisomy.
Some types of aneuploidy are viable like Turner’s syndrome or Down syndrome, whereas many are not and lead to a miscarriage.
Another abnormality is polyploidy, and that’s when a zygote receives more than one set of 23 chromosomes from either the sperm or egg, resulting in three sets, totaling 69 chromosomes, or even four sets, totaling 92 chromosomes.
Polyploidy is generally not viable and leads to a miscarriage.
One more abnormality is a translocation.
It can either be balanced, where two nonhomologous chromosomes essentially trade equal amounts of DNA, or unbalanced, where the chromosomes exchange unequal amounts of DNA, resulting in either too many or too few copies of certain genes on the involved chromosomes.
Now even if a parent carries a balanced translocation, the sperm or egg may end up with an unbalanced translocation, and the zygote won’t have a normal number of genes.
Some translocations are viable, whereas many are not, and can lead to a miscarriage.
Now, let’s say that there are a normal number of chromosomes present, and that the zygote becomes a blastocyst and tries to implant, there are still many ways in which a miscarriage can occur.
First if the blastocyst fails to implant into the endometrial lining of the uterus, then it won’t find a blood supply and stops growing and get reabsorbed.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine" McGraw Hill Education/ Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Diagnosing ectopic pregnancy and current concepts in the management of pregnancy of unknown location" Human Reproduction Update (2013)
- "Ectopic pregnancy" The Lancet (2005)
- "Chlamydia trachomatis and ectopic pregnancy: recent epidemiological findings" Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases (2008)
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, except certain content provided by third parties
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.
