Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

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Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

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Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)

Microcytic anemia: Pathology review

Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review

Leukemia: Clinical (To be retired)

Lymphoma: Clinical (To be retired)

Thrombocytopenia: Clinical (To be retired)

Bleeding disorders: Clinical (To be retired)

Thrombophilia: Clinical (To be retired)

Myeloproliferative neoplasms: Clinical (To be retired)

Plasma cell disorders: Clinical (To be retired)

Blood products and transfusion: Clinical (To be retired)

Anticoagulants: Heparin

Anticoagulants: Warfarin

Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors

Antiplatelet medications

Thrombolytics

Hematopoietic medications

Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors

Topoisomerase inhibitors

Platinum containing medications

Anti-tumor antibiotics

Microtubule inhibitors

DNA alkylating medications

Endocrine system anatomy and physiology

Risk factors for periodontitis

Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands

Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)

Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)

Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)

Parathyroid conditions and calcium imbalance: Clinical (To be retired)

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Clinical (To be retired)

Pituitary adenomas and pituitary hyperfunction: Clinical (To be retired)

Hypopituitarism: Clinical (To be retired)

Cushing syndrome: Clinical (To be retired)

Adrenal masses and tumors: Clinical (To be retired)

MEN syndromes: Clinical (To be retired)

Hyperthyroidism medications

Hypothyroidism medications

Insulins

Hypoglycemics: Insulin secretagogues

Miscellaneous hypoglycemics

Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors

Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists

Glucocorticoids

HIV (AIDS)

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)

Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review

Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical (To be retired)

Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Heart blocks: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)

Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)

Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)

Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)

Infective endocarditis: Clinical (To be retired)

Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)

Cardiomyopathies: Clinical (To be retired)

Hypertension: Clinical (To be retired)

Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical (To be retired)

Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists

Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Calcium channel blockers

cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

Lipid-lowering medications: Statins

Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Positive inotropic medications

Loop diuretics

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review

Heart failure: Pathology review

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Clinical (To be retired)

Diabetic retinopathy

Diabetic nephropathy

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Primary adrenal insufficiency

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism

Adrenal cortical carcinoma

Cushing syndrome

Conn syndrome

Thyroglossal duct cyst

Hyperthyroidism

Graves disease

Thyroid eye disease (NORD)

Toxic multinodular goiter

Thyroid storm

Hypothyroidism

Euthyroid sick syndrome

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis

Riedel thyroiditis

Thyroid cancer

Hyperparathyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

Hypercalcemia

Hypocalcemia

Diabetes mellitus

Hyperpituitarism

Pituitary adenoma

Hyperprolactinemia

Prolactinoma

Gigantism

Acromegaly

Hypopituitarism

Pituitary apoplexy

Sheehan syndrome

Hypoprolactinemia

Constitutional growth delay

Diabetes insipidus

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

Precocious puberty

Delayed puberty

Premature ovarian failure

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Kallmann syndrome

5-alpha-reductase deficiency

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review

Pheochromocytoma

Neuroblastoma

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)

Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review

Adrenal masses: Pathology review

Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review

Hypothyroidism: Pathology review

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review

Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review

Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review

Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review

Pituitary tumors: Pathology review

Hypopituitarism: Pathology review

Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review

Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Hypertension

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Raynaud phenomenon

Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Rett syndrome

Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review

Sarcoidosis

Parkinson disease

Cranial nerves

Spina bifida

Chiari malformation

Dandy-Walker malformation

Syringomyelia

Tethered spinal cord syndrome

Aqueductal stenosis

Septo-optic dysplasia

Cerebral palsy

Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)

Transient ischemic attack

Ischemic stroke

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Saccular aneurysm

Arteriovenous malformation

Broca aphasia

Wernicke aphasia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Concussion and traumatic brain injury

Shaken baby syndrome

Epilepsy

Febrile seizure

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (NORD)

Tension headache

Cluster headache

Migraine

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Trigeminal neuralgia

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Alzheimer disease

Vascular dementia

Frontotemporal dementia

Lewy body dementia

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Torticollis

Essential tremor

Restless legs syndrome

Parkinson disease

Huntington disease

Multiple sclerosis

Central pontine myelinolysis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Transverse myelitis

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

Adult brain tumors

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)

Pediatric brain tumors

Brain herniation

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Friedreich ataxia

Neurogenic bladder

Meningitis

Neonatal meningitis

Encephalitis

Brain abscess

Epidural abscess

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Tuberous sclerosis

Neurofibromatosis

von Hippel-Lindau disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Spinal muscular atrophy

Poliovirus

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Bell palsy

Winged scapula

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Ulnar claw

Erb-Duchenne palsy

Klumpke paralysis

Sciatica

Myasthenia gravis

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Orthostatic hypotension

Horner syndrome

Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review

Headaches: Pathology review

Seizures: Pathology review

Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review

Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review

Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review

Dementia: Pathology review

Central nervous system infections: Pathology review

Movement disorders: Pathology review

Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review

Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review

Adult brain tumors: Pathology review

Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review

Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review

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Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

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Transcript

Content Reviewers

Yifan Xiao, MD

Contributors

Ursula Florjanczyk, MScBMC

Sam Gillespie, BSc

Tanner Marshall, MS

Lipid-lowering medications work to decrease levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the body.

Several medications fall outside the more commonly used classes like statins and fibrates, so in this video, we're going to discuss the bile acid resins, niacin or vitamin B3, ezetimibe, and the PCSK9 inhibitors.

Although it’s got a bad reputation, cholesterol is actually a critical component of our cells and is used to build the cell membrane.

It also has other uses like the synthesis of: steroid hormones, vitamin D, and bile.

Normally, we get our cholesterol from the food we eat, but it can also be synthesized by the liver.

So when we eat a box of chili fries, the fats and cholesterol are absorbed in the small intestine.

However, they’re not water soluble, so they can’t travel freely in the blood.

To fix this, our body makes shipping boxes called lipoproteins.

These containers consist of a shell made of phospholipids and protein tags that act as instructions for their destination.

So after absorption, the small intestinal cells package the fats and cholesterol into the largest but least dense lipoproteins, called chylomicrons.

These are released into the lymphatic system and then enter the bloodstream via the subclavian vein. Then they travel through the blood to reach adipose tissue and the liver.

Sources

  1. "Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review,12th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  2. "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology" Elsevier (2019)
  3. "Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
  4. "Cholestyramine" Can Med Assoc J (1971)
  5. "Cholestyramine treatment of healthy humans rapidly induces transient hypertriglyceridemia when treatment is initiated" American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (2017)
  6. "Bile Acid Malabsorption in Chronic Diarrhea: Pathophysiology and Treatment" Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology (2013)
  7. "Statins for children with familial hypercholesterolemia" Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2017)
  8. "Ezetimibe for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality events" Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2018)
  9. "Evolocumab and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease" New England Journal of Medicine (2017)
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