Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
00:00 / 00:00
Videos
Notes
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Prerequisite basic sciences
Prerequisite basic sciences
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Attributable risk (AR)
Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies
Bias in performing clinical studies
Clinical trials
Confounding
DALY and QALY
Direct standardization
Disease causality
Incidence and prevalence
Indirect standardization
Interaction
Mortality rates and case-fatality
Odds ratio
Positive and negative predictive value
Prevention
Relative and absolute risk
Selection bias
Sensitivity and specificity
Study designs
Test precision and accuracy
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Lymphomas: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist
Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance
Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions
Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution
Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism
Prerequisite basic sciences
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Prerequisite basic sciences
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Human development days 1-4
Human development days 4-7
Human development week 2
Human development week 3
Mesoderm
Cell cycle
DNA damage and repair
DNA mutations
DNA replication
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Gene regulation
Mitosis and meiosis
Nuclear structure
Transcription of DNA
Translation of mRNA
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Inheritance patterns
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Breastfeeding
Prerequisite basic sciences
Baroreceptors
Cardiac preload
Chemoreceptors
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Prerequisite basic sciences
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Antihistamines for allergies
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Glucocorticoids
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Azoles
Glucocorticoids
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist
Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance
Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions
Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution
Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Glucocorticoids
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Assessments
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Flashcards
0 / 31 complete
Flashcards
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
of complete
External References
First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Anemia
chloramphenicol p. 189
Aplastic anemia p. 429
chloramphenicol p. 189
Chloramphenicol p. 189
aplastic anemia and p. 251, 429
gray baby syndrome p. 251
mechanism (diagram) p. 184
protein synthesis inhibition p. 188
Gray baby syndrome
chloramphenicol and p. 189, 201, 251
Haemophilus influenzae p. , 140
chloramphenicol p. 189
Haemophilus influenzae type B
chloramphenicol p. 189
Meningitis
chloramphenicol p. 189
Neisseria meningitidis
chloramphenicol p. 189
Rickettsia rickettsii p. , 148
chloramphenicol p. 189
Rocky Mountain spotted fever p. 148
chloramphenicol p. 189
Streptococcus pneumoniae p. , 134
chloramphenicol p. 189
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Protein synthesis inhibitors include many different classes of medications that prevent bacterial ribosomes from synthesizing proteins.
The ones that target the 50S subunit of the ribosome include chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, and oxazolidinones.
Okay, first, let’s look at how genes become proteins. There’s two steps: transcription and translation.
During transcription, a specific gene on the DNA is “read” and a copy is made called a messenger RNA, or mRNA, which is like a blueprint with instructions on what protein to build.
Translation is also known as protein synthesis, and it’s when organelles called ribosomes assemble the protein from amino acids within the cytoplasm.
Now, prokaryotic cells, like bacteria, have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotic cells, like those found in humans.
Bacterial ribosomes are made up of a 50S subunit and a 30S subunit which combine to form a 70S ribosome.
Eukaryotic ribosomes are made up of a 60S and a 40S subunit that form an 80S ribosome.
Since these proteins are different, we can create medications that selectively interfere with the bacterial ones.
Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation, and termination.
In bacteria, initiation occurs when the 50S and 30S subunits bind to the mRNA sequence to form a ribosome-mRNA complex, also called the initiation complex.
The mRNA serves as a blueprint for the protein that will be synthesized.
It’s made up of three nucleotide-long sequences, called codons, on top of which transport RNA, or tRNA, carrying amino acids can bind with their matching anticodon.
The complete ribosome has 3 sites where tRNA can enter and bind. These are called the A, or aminoacyl site, the P, or peptidyl site, and the E, or exit site.
Elongation starts when the first tRNA, carrying a formylmethionine amino acid, enters the P site and binds to the start codon. This causes a conformational change which unlocks the A site for the next tRNA.
The next tRNA binds at the A site, the amino acid detaches from the tRNA in the P site, and a peptide bond is formed by an enzyme called peptidyl transferase between the amino acids in the P and A sites, a process known as transpeptidation.
Now, the A site has the newly formed peptide chain dangling from it, while the P site has an empty tRNA with no amino acids.
Summary
Protein synthesis inhibitors are a class of antibiotics which prevent bacterial ribosomes from synthesizing proteins. They include drugs like chloramphenicol, macrolides, lincosamides, and oxazolidinones.
Most of these drugs act on the 50S subunit of the ribosome, but their mechanisms can be very different. For example, oxazolidinones like linezolid stop the initiation complex from forming. Both the macrolides and lincosamides prevent translocation. Chloramphenicol inhibits peptidyl transferase which is the enzyme that creates the peptide bonds.
Sources
- "Katzung & Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review,12th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Rang and Dale's Pharmacology" Elsevier (2019)
- "Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 13th Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "Chloramphenicol: A Review" Pediatrics in Review (2004)
- "Clarithromycin: Review of a New Macrolide Antibiotic with Improved Microbiologic Spectrum and Favorable Pharmacokinetic and Adverse Effect Profiles" Annals of Pharmacotherapy (1992)
- "New Macrolide Antibiotics: Azithromycin and Clarithromycin" Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)
- "Macrolides and ketolides: azithromycin, clarithromycin, telithromycin" Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (2004)
- "Enhancement of opsonophagocytosis of Bacteroides spp. by clindamycin in subinhibitory concentrations" Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (1989)
- "Linezolid versus Vancomycin for the Treatment of Methicillin‐ResistantStaphylococcus aureusInfections" Clinical Infectious Diseases (2002)
For Institutions
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, its licensors, and contributors. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.
