Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
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Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Genetics
Population genetics
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Inheritance patterns
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Evolution and natural selection
Genetic disorders
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Fragile X syndrome
Huntington disease
Myotonic dystrophy
Friedreich ataxia
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Williams syndrome
Alagille syndrome (NORD)
Achondroplasia
Polycystic kidney disease
Familial adenomatous polyposis
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Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntington disease
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Marfan syndrome
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Treacher Collins syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Albinism
Polycystic kidney disease
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Friedreich ataxia
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Hemochromatosis
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Wilson disease
Fragile X syndrome
Alport syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Fabry disease (NORD)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemophilia
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Muscular dystrophy
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Mitochondrial myopathy
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
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Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
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Hunter syndrome p. 58, 86
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Rishi Desai, MD, MPHHunter syndrome is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that occurs when lysosomal enzymes are absent.
Hunter syndrome is also known as mucopolysaccharidosis type 2.
Mucopolysaccharides or glycosaminoglycans are types of complex sugars, which are produced by the cells and exported to the extracellular space.
Examples include heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
Both heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate can be found on almost all cell surfaces as well as in the basement membrane, which separates epithelial cells from the connective tissue that lies beneath.
When mucopolysaccharides like heparin sulfate and dermatan sulfate need to get degraded, they are taken over to a lysosome, which contains enzymes needed to break down the mucopolysaccharides.
Each mucopolysaccharide requires multiple enzymes to fully degrade, and some mucopolysaccharides share certain enzymes in common.
For example, both heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate need the iduronate sulfatase and alpha-L-iduronidase enzymes to get broken down.
Hunter syndrome is caused by a deficiency in iduronate sulfatase, and the result is that heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate can’t be degraded, so they build up in various tissues.
Hunter Syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder so it’s more common in males.
Summary
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2, also known as Hunter syndrome, is an inherited disorder caused by a deficiency in the iduronate sulfatase enzyme. This enzyme is responsible for breaking down glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) which are large molecules that include heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate.
Deficiency in iduronate sulfatase results in GAGs accumulating in organs and tissues throughout the body, leading to a wide range of symptoms, such as developmental delay, hearing loss, respiratory difficulties, enlarged organs, and skin abnormalities. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, and may include physical, occupational, and speech therapies, enzyme replacement therapy, and bone marrow transplantation.
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