Neonatal sepsis

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Neonatal sepsis

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Newborn management: Clinical
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Perinatal infections: Clinical
Congenital heart defects: Clinical
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review
Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review
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Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Congenital disorders: Clinical
Neonatal jaundice: Clinical
Neonatal ICU conditions: Clinical
Immunodeficiencies: Clinical
Pediatric allergies: Clinical
Kawasaki disease: Clinical
Pediatric ear, nose, and throat conditions: Clinical
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: Clinical
Pediatric constipation: Clinical
Pediatric gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical
Pediatric vomiting: Clinical
Developmental milestones: Clinical
Vaccinations: Clinical
Precocious and delayed puberty: Clinical
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Child abuse: Clinical
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
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Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
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Neurodevelopmental disorders: Clinical
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Pediatric lower airway conditions: Clinical
Cystic fibrosis: Clinical
BRUE, ALTE, and SIDS: Clinical
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Pediatric bone tumors: Clinical
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Kawasaki disease
Behcet's disease
Coarctation of the aorta
Polycystic kidney disease
Truncus arteriosus
Transposition of the great vessels
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Tetralogy of Fallot
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
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Endocarditis: Pathology review
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Neonatal hepatitis
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Appendicitis: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
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Neonatal sepsis
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Neonatal sepsis

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A 2-day-old boy is brought to the emergency department due to fever and poor feeding. The child was born to a gravida 1 para 1 woman. He was born at home via normal vaginal delivery. The mother did not participate in routine prenatal visits and opted to give birth at home with assistance from a midwife. Temperature is 39.0°C (102.2°F), heart rate is 200/min, blood pressure is 60/40 mmHg, and respiratory rate is 44/min. On physical examination, the child appears irritable and lethargic. The lungs, heart, and abdomen are clear on examination.  Blood workup reveals leukocytosis and elevated C-reactive protein. Bacterial cultures of the blood are positive for a Gram-positive ꞵ-hemolytic cocci. Which of the following interventions could have prevented this complication in this patient?

Summary

Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition in which bacteria and other germs enter the body and cause an infection in a neonate's bloodstream, in the setting of fever. Neonatal sepsis has two categories: early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS). EOS refers to sepsis presenting in the first 3 days of life. EOS is usually caused by Group B Streptococci or Escherichia coli, usually presenting itself as pneumonia. On the other hand, LOS presents itself after 3 days. LOS is usually caused by Staphylococcus and commonly manifests itself as meningitis.

Symptoms of neonatal sepsis may depend on the category, but they commonly include fever, irritability, difficulty feeding, and a poor overall appearance. In severe cases, neonatal sepsis can lead to organ failure and death.

Treatment for neonatal sepsis typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids, respiratory support, and medications to control symptoms like fever.