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Erythrocyte count | 5 million (cells/mcL) |
Hemoglobin | 13 (g/dL) |
Mean corpuscular volume | 80 (fL) |
Leukocyte count | 1500 (cells/mm3) |
Absolute Neutrophil count | 80 (cells/mm3) |
Platelets count | 200,000/mm3 |
2024
2023
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2021
agranulocytosis p. 249
aplastic anemia p. 249
bipolar disorder p. 578, 724
cytochrome P-444 and p. 251
epilepsy p. 560
SIADH and p. 248
teratogenicity p. 632
tonic-clonic seizures p. 724
trigeminal neuralgia p. 724
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Anticonvulsants are a type of medication used to treat the various types of seizure disorders.
These include benzodiazepines and barbiturates which increase the activity of inhibitory neurons, but there are also many other classes of anticonvulsants with different mechanisms that we’ll talk about in this video.
Okay, so the cells that make up our brain are called neurons.
Neurons communicate with each other through neurotransmitters.
When one neuron is stimulated, it releases excitatory neurotransmitters that bind to receptors on the next neuron. This causes the next neuron to depolarize and release its own excitatory neurotransmitters, propagating the signal throughout the brain.
The main excitatory neurotransmitter in our brain is glutamate which can bind to several types of receptors that are basically ligand-gated ion channels, which open up and allow Na+ and Ca2+ to flow in, and K+ to flow out.
In the end, when it’s all added up, there’s an influx of positive charge that makes the cell less negative,and the neuron becomes depolarized. This causes nearby voltage-gated Na+ channels to open on the surface of the membrane, causing more Na+ to enter. This in turn triggers other nearby voltage-gated Na+ channels to open.
So this series of depolarization travels down the neuron like a wave and it’s called an action potential.
When it reaches the end of the neuron, called the synaptic terminal, it triggers the opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, causing an influx of calcium ions which stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that are stored in synaptic vesicles.
Okay, we also have inhibitory neurons that shut down this chain of events.
These neurons release the main inhibitory neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid or GABA, which binds to GABA receptors on other neurons.
These GABA receptors are also ligand-gated ion channels, but they open up to let the negatively charged Cl-, into the cell.
The influx of negative ions causes hyperpolarization where the cell’s membrane potential becomes more negative, which means it’s much more difficult for it to depolarize and fire off an action potential.
Alright, now there are cases where neurons in the brain start sending out more excitatory signals than normal. This can occur due to either too much excitation or too little inhibition in the brain.
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants are a class of drugs used to treat seizures, headaches, and neuropathic pain. These drugs are also used as mood stabilizers for bipolar disorders. Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants decrease excitatory signals in the brain, primarily by blocking sodium and calcium channels, or by enhancing the actions of GABA. This lead to a decrease in the abnormal electrical activity in the brain responsible for the associated symptoms.
Common examples of nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants include carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and valproic acid. Side effects include double vision, ataxia, and liver toxicity for carbamazepine; Stevens Johnson syndrome for lamotrigine; and teratogenic effects like neural tube defects for valproic acid.
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