Omphalocele
9,909views
00:00 / 00:00
Videos
Notes
Omphalocele
Pathology
Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Peritonitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Upper gastrointestinal tract disorders
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Pyloric stenosis
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Oral candidiasis
Ludwig angina
Aphthous ulcers
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Dental abscess
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Dental caries disease
Oral cancer
Warthin tumor
Barrett esophagus
Achalasia
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Boerhaave syndrome
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Zenker diverticulum
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal cancer
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Gastritis
Gastric dumping syndrome
Peptic ulcer
Gastroparesis
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Gastric cancer
Lower gastrointestinal tract disorders
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Omphalocele
Meckel diverticulum
Intestinal atresia
Hirschsprung disease
Intestinal malrotation
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception
Tropical sprue
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Celiac disease
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Lactose intolerance
Whipple's disease
Protein losing enteropathy
Microscopic colitis
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Bowel obstruction
Intestinal adhesions
Volvulus
Gallstone ileus
Abdominal hernias
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Ischemic colitis
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal cancer
Carcinoid syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Gastroenteritis
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Appendicitis
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Liver, gallbladder and pancreas disorders
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Biliary atresia
Gilbert's syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hemochromatosis
Wilson disease
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Cholestatic liver disease
Hepatocellular adenoma
Autoimmune hepatitis
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Hepatitis
Neonatal hepatitis
Reye syndrome
Benign liver tumors
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gallstones
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallbladder cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
Acute pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Assessments
Omphalocele
Flashcards
0 / 6 complete
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 1 complete
High Yield Notes
11 pages
Flashcards
Omphalocele
of complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
External References
First Aid
2022
2021
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
Omphalocele p. 366
External Links
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Tanner Marshall, MS
With an omphalocele, omphalo- refers to the naval, also known as the bellybutton—or more formally the umbilicus—which is the attachment site of the umbilical cord, and -cele relates to hernia or swelling.
Omphalocele, therefore, is when some of the bowels herniate out into the umbilical cord.
During the fourth week of fetal development, the embryo starts to change shape from a flat, three-layer disc to something more shaped like a cylinder, a process called embryonic folding.
In the horizontal plane, the two lateral folds eventually come together and close off at the midline, except for at the umbilicus, where the umbilical cord connects the fetus to the placenta.
This folding allows for the formation of the gut within the abdominal cavity.
During around the sixth week of development, the liver and intestines grow really quickly, and because the abdominal cavity’s still pretty small, there’s limited space, which causes the midgut to herniate through the umbilical ring into the umbilical cord, and this happens normally.
At about week 10, though, the abdominal cavity typically has grown enough to allow the midgut to come back from the umbilical cord.
With omphalocele, the midgut—along with potentially other organs from the abdominal cavity—fail to return back to the abdominal cavity, and therefore stay in the umbilical cord all the way through fetal development and even after birth.
Now, since the intestines and potentially other organs aren’t meant to be in the umbilical cord, there can be complications like the abdominal cavity not growing to its normal size, as well as pinched blood vessels and loss of blood flow to an organ.
So with an omphalocele, after birth the abdominal organs protrude out of the body, but are contained within the umbilical cord, meaning the organs are sealed by a peritoneal layer.
Summary
An omphalocele is an abdominal wall birth defect in which the intestines, liver, and occasionally other organs remain outside of the abdomen in a sac, as a result of a defect in the development of the muscles of the abdominal wall. The sac, which is formed from an outpouching of the peritoneum, protrudes in the midline through the umbilicus.
Omphalocele shouldn't be confused with another condition called gastroschisis, which also involves the herniation of abdominal contents out of the abdominal cavity. Unlike in omphalocele, herniated bowels in gastroschisis lack a peritoneal layer covering.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Prenatal and postnatal management of omphalocele" Prenatal Diagnosis (2008)
- "Early development of the abdominal wall, stomach and heart from 7 to 12 weeks of gestation: a longitudinal ultrasound study" Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (1995)
Copyright © 2023 Elsevier, except certain content provided by third parties
Cookies are used by this site.
USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). COMLEX-USA® is a registered trademark of The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners, Inc. NCLEX-RN® is a registered trademark of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. Test names and other trademarks are the property of the respective trademark holders. None of the trademark holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Osmosis or this website.
