Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis
Musculoskeletal system
Pediatric musculoskeletal conditions
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Transient synovitis
Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)
Musculoskeletal injuries and trauma
Rotator cuff tear
Dislocated shoulder
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Winged scapula
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Ulnar claw
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Iliotibial band syndrome
Unhappy triad
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Patellar tendon rupture
Meniscus tear
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Sprained ankle
Achilles tendon rupture
Spondylolysis
Spondylolisthesis
Degenerative disc disease
Spinal disc herniation
Sciatica
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Bone disorders
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Craniosynostosis
Pectus excavatum
Arthrogryposis
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Pigeon toe
Flat feet
Club foot
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Achondroplasia
Osteomyelitis
Bone tumors
Osteochondroma
Chondrosarcoma
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Paget disease of bone
Osteosclerosis
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
Joint disorders
Osteoarthritis
Spondylosis
Spinal stenosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Gout
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Psoriatic arthritis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis
Spondylitis
Septic arthritis
Bursitis
Baker cyst
Muscular disorders
Muscular dystrophy
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion body myopathy
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Fibromyalgia
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Neuromuscular junction disorders
Myasthenia gravis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Other autoimmune disorders
Sjogren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Mixed connective tissue disease
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Raynaud phenomenon
Scleroderma
Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Assessments
Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis
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First Aid
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Candida spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare p. , 138
vertebral osteomyelitis p. 177
Mycobacterium tuberculosis p. , 138
osteomyelitis p. 177
Neisseria gonorrhoeae p. , 140
osteomyelitis p. 177
Osteomyelitis p. 177
diagnostic findings p. 722
Pseudomonas aeruginosa p. , 141
sickle cell anemia p. 417
Staphylococcus aureus p. , 133
Pasteurella multocida
osteomyelitis p. 177
Pseudomonas spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Salmonella spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Staphylococcus aureus p. , 133
osteomyelitis and p. 177
Staphylococcus epidermidis p. , 133
osteomyelitis p. 177
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Marisa Pedron
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Osteomyelitis can be broken down. Osteo- refers to bones, –myel stands for myelo and relates to the bone marrow, and lastly, –itis refers to inflammation.
So, osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone or bone marrow, and it typically results from an infection.
Normally, if we look at a cross-section of a bone, we can see that it has a hard-external layer known as the cortical bone and a softer internal layer of spongy bone that looks like honeycombs.
There’s also another layer called the periosteum that covers the cortical bone - like the lamination of a basketball card - and it's where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached.
If we zoom into a cross-section of cortical bone, we can see that it has many pipe-like structures called osteons running through the length of the bone.
Each pipe has an empty center called a Haversian canal which contains the nerves and blood vessels that supply the osteon.
At the outer-border of the osteon is a ring of cells called osteoblasts which synthesize bone.
Along with these cells are osteoclasts that break down bone.
In bones, like the long femur bones, the tips of the bone are called the epiphysis, while the shaft is called the diaphysis of the bone.
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis, we have the metaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood.
In osteomyelitis, microorganisms, such as bacteria, reach the bone to cause an infection in a few different ways.
Bacteria particularly affect certain high-risk individuals like those with a weak immune system, and those with poor blood circulation due to uncontrolled diabetes.
In fact, a major way that bacteria reach the bone is through the bloodstream, and it's called hematogenous spread. For example, this might happen in a person who uses contaminated needles to inject drugs or in individuals undergoing hemodialysis that may be contaminated by a bacteria or even through the dental extraction of an infected tooth.
Summary
Osteomyelitis is an infection and inflammation of the bone or bone marrow. It is often caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, which enters the bone through an injury, surgery, or a blood infection. Common symptoms of osteomyelitis include pain, swelling, swelling, and warmth around the affected bone. People can also have fever and chills, and weakness. The treatment typically involves weeks of antibiotics directed at the organism causing the infection.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 7/E (ENHANCED EBOOK)" McGraw Hill Professional (2014)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw Hill Professional (2019)
- "Osteomyelitis" Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (2017)
- "Etiology of Osteomyelitis Complicating Sickle Cell Disease" Pediatrics (1998)
- "T1-weighted MRI Imaging Features of Pathologically Proven Non-pedal Osteomyelitis" Academic Radiology (2013)
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