Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis
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Osteomyelitis
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Candida spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare p. , 138
vertebral osteomyelitis p. 177
Mycobacterium tuberculosis p. , 138
osteomyelitis p. 177
Neisseria gonorrhoeae p. , 140
osteomyelitis p. 177
Osteomyelitis p. 177
diagnostic findings p. 722
Pseudomonas aeruginosa p. , 141
sickle cell anemia p. 417
Staphylococcus aureus p. , 133
Pasteurella multocida
osteomyelitis p. 177
Pseudomonas spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Salmonella spp.
osteomyelitis p. 177
Staphylococcus aureus p. , 133
osteomyelitis and p. 177
Staphylococcus epidermidis p. , 133
osteomyelitis p. 177
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Marisa Pedron
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Osteomyelitis can be broken down. Osteo- refers to bones, –myel stands for myelo and relates to the bone marrow, and lastly, –itis refers to inflammation.
So, osteomyelitis is an inflammation of the bone or bone marrow, and it typically results from an infection.
Normally, if we look at a cross-section of a bone, we can see that it has a hard-external layer known as the cortical bone and a softer internal layer of spongy bone that looks like honeycombs.
There’s also another layer called the periosteum that covers the cortical bone - like the lamination of a basketball card - and it's where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments are attached.
If we zoom into a cross-section of cortical bone, we can see that it has many pipe-like structures called osteons running through the length of the bone.
Each pipe has an empty center called a Haversian canal which contains the nerves and blood vessels that supply the osteon.
At the outer-border of the osteon is a ring of cells called osteoblasts which synthesize bone.
Along with these cells are osteoclasts that break down bone.
In bones, like the long femur bones, the tips of the bone are called the epiphysis, while the shaft is called the diaphysis of the bone.
Between the epiphysis and diaphysis, we have the metaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood.
In osteomyelitis, microorganisms, such as bacteria, reach the bone to cause an infection in a few different ways.
Bacteria particularly affect certain high-risk individuals like those with a weak immune system, and those with poor blood circulation due to uncontrolled diabetes.
In fact, a major way that bacteria reach the bone is through the bloodstream, and it's called hematogenous spread. For example, this might happen in a person who uses contaminated needles to inject drugs or in individuals undergoing hemodialysis that may be contaminated by a bacteria or even through the dental extraction of an infected tooth.
Summary
Osteomyelitis is an infection and inflammation of the bone or bone marrow. It is often caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, which enters the bone through an injury, surgery, or a blood infection. Common symptoms of osteomyelitis include pain, swelling, swelling, and warmth around the affected bone. People can also have fever and chills, and weakness. The treatment typically involves weeks of antibiotics directed at the organism causing the infection.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 7/E (ENHANCED EBOOK)" McGraw Hill Professional (2014)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw Hill Professional (2019)
- "Osteomyelitis" Infectious Disease Clinics of North America (2017)
- "Etiology of Osteomyelitis Complicating Sickle Cell Disease" Pediatrics (1998)
- "T1-weighted MRI Imaging Features of Pathologically Proven Non-pedal Osteomyelitis" Academic Radiology (2013)
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