Pancreatic cancer
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Pancreatic cancer
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Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
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Assessments
Pancreatic cancer
Flashcards
0 / 9 complete
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 1 complete
High Yield Notes
18 pages
Flashcards
Pancreatic cancer
of complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
| Laboratory value | Result |
| Total bilirubin | 5.2 mg/dL |
| Conjugated bilirubin | 4.6 mg/dL |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 96 U/L |
| Aspartate transaminase | 110 U/L |
| Alanine transaminase | 112 U/L |
| Lipase* | 95 U/L |
Which of the following additional findings will be most likely present on this patient’s physical examination?
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
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First Aid
2022
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Abdominal pain
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Anorexia
pancreatic adenocarcinoma p. 407
Chemotherapy
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Courvoisier sign
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Diabetes mellitus p. 352-360
pancreatic cancer p. 404
Jaundice p. 402
pancreatic cancer p. 404
Pancreatic cancer p. 404
5-fluorouracil for p. 448
adenocarcinomas p. 406
biliary cirrhosis and p. 404
carcinogens causing p. 223
hyperbilirubinemia with p. 402
metastases of p. 224
oncogenes and p. 222
paraneoplastic syndromes with p. 221
presentation p. 717
tumor suppressor genes and p. 222
Radiation therapy
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Smoking
pancreatic cancer and p. 406
Thrombophlebitis
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Trousseau syndrome
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Weight loss
pancreatic cancer p. 406
Whipple procedure
for pancreatic cancer p. 406
External Links
Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Tanner Marshall, MS
Pancreatic carcinoma describes the pancreas having cancerous cells arise.
Now a healthy pancreas has two types of glands, exocrine glands which sends digestive enzymes off to the small intestine, and endocrine glands which help regulate metabolism in the body, for example, maintaining normal blood sugar.
Over 95% of pancreatic tumors develop in the pancreas’s exocrine tissues, and of these, tumors arising in the epithelial cells lining the pancreatic ducts account for the vast majority of cases.
This type of pancreatic cancer is known as pancreatic adenocarcinoma due to the cells glandular-like (“adeno”) appearance under the microscope, often pancreatic adenocarcinoma is used interchangeably with pancreatic carcinoma.
These tumors typically form in the head or neck of the pancreas, but in some cases tumors form in the tail.
Around 5% of exocrine pancreatic carcinomas are caused by malignancies in the acinar cells, which are the cells that produce the digestive enzymes like trypsinogen, and around 1% are cystadenocarcinomas, or malignant cysts.
There are also other types of pancreatic cancer, but those are even more rare.
Generally, pancreatic carcinoma is caused by genetic mutations in the ductal epithelial cells, and these mutations might activate oncogenes which promote cancer or inactivate tumor suppressor genes.
Either way, this can lead to uncontrolled cell growth caused by the disruptions of the cell signalling pathways that regulate cell survival and growth, as well as multiple immune system responses like inflammation and stress responses.
Although it’s not exactly clear how the genetic mutations that trigger pancreatic carcinoma develop, there are some well known modifiable risk factors like smoking which increases the risk by two to five-fold, obesity, as well as eating a diet high in red meat.
Summary
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumor arising from the pancreatic duct mostly of the head or neck. The most common type of pancreatic cancer is pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Symptoms of pancreatic cancer can include abdominal pain radiating to the back, weight loss, jaundice, loss of appetite, nausea, and fatigue.
Pancreatic cancer is caused by genetic mutations in the ductal epithelial cells, which activate oncogenes that promote cancer or inactivate tumor suppressor genes. The risk factors include smoking, a family history of pancreatic cancer, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and pancreatitis. Treatment for pancreatic cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiotherapy, depending on the stage of cancer and the patient's overall health.
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