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Pathology
Biliary atresia
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Biliary colic
Cholangiocarcinoma
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallbladder cancer
Gallstone ileus
Gallstones
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Autoimmune hepatitis
Benign liver tumors
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cholestatic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Hemochromatosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatitis
Hepatocellular adenoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Jaundice
Neonatal hepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Portal hypertension
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Reye syndrome
Wilson disease
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Bowel obstruction
Gallstone ileus
Intestinal adhesions
Volvulus
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gastroschisis
Hirschsprung disease
Imperforate anus
Intestinal atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Intussusception
Meckel diverticulum
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Omphalocele
Abdominal hernias
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Inguinal hernia
Crohn disease
Microscopic colitis
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Ischemic colitis
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Celiac disease
Lactose intolerance
Protein losing enteropathy
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Tropical sprue
Whipple's disease
Carcinoid syndrome
Appendicitis
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Gastroenteritis
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Anal fissure
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Cleft lip and palate
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Tracheoesophageal fistula
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Barrett esophagus
Boerhaave syndrome
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Esophageal cancer
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
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Zenker diverticulum
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Gastric cancer
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Gastritis
Gastroenteritis
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Peptic ulcer
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Dental abscess
Dental caries disease
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Ludwig angina
Oral cancer
Oral candidiasis
Parotitis
Sialadenitis
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Warthin tumor
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
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With pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms, neuroendocrine refers to pancreatic cells which release hormones in response to signals from the nerves, and neoplasm refers to a cancer.
So, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm is a cancer of neuroendocrine cells that are within the pancreas.
They can also be called pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, or just panNETs for short.
In addition to endocrine cells, the pancreas also has exocrine cells, which make up a majority of the gland.
Most pancreatic cancers arise from exocrine cells and they’re called adenocarcinomas, whereas only a minority arise from panNETs.
The pancreas is a long, skinny gland the length of a dollar bill which sits to the left of the duodenum and behind the stomach, in the upper abdomen, or the epigastric region.
It plays two main roles - there’s the exocrine part of the pancreas which has acinar cells that make digestive enzymes that are secreted into the duodenum to help digest food.
There’s also the endocrine part of the pancreas which has a few different types of islet cells, or neuroendocrine cells, each of which make different hormones.
These neuroendocrine cells are present in clusters, or islands, called islets of Langerhans.
The largest group of cells are the beta (β) cells which secrete insulin.
Insulin mainly lowers the blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into the cells, and also pushes potassium into cells, which decreases potassium in the blood.
Another group are the alpha (α) cells which secrete glucagon, a hormone that does exactly the opposite of insulin, it raises the blood glucose levels by getting the liver to generate glucose from amino acids and lipids, and to break down glycogen into glucose.
There are also Delta cells which secrete somatostatin, which decreases the release of other hormones, including insulin, glucagon, and serotonin.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs) are a type of tumor that arises in the endocrine tissue of the pancreas. These tumors include insulinomas, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, and VIPomas, and secrete hormones including insulin, gastrin, glucagon, and vasoactive intestinal peptide respectively. Symptoms of PNETs may include abdominal pain, weight loss, and changes in bowel habits. Treatment options may involve drugs like somatostatin and surgery.
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