Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
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Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Pathology
Bone disorders
Osteomyelitis
Bone tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Osteochondroma
Achondroplasia
Arthrogryposis
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Club foot
Craniosynostosis
Flat feet
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pectus excavatum
Pigeon toe
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Paget disease of bone
Musculoskeletal injuries and trauma
Degenerative disc disease
Sciatica
Spinal disc herniation
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Achilles tendon rupture
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Iliotibial band syndrome
Meniscus tear
Patellar tendon rupture
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Sprained ankle
Unhappy triad
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Dislocated shoulder
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Rotator cuff tear
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Musculoskeletal system pathology review
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Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
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Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
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Assessments
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
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USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
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Reproduced from: Radiopaedia
Transcript
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A 13 year old boy named Lucas comes to the clinic complaining of right knee pain, which gets worse when he is running, jumping, or climbing stairs. Upon further questioning, Lucas mentions that he plays basketball for his school team, and recently, he started training more intensely for an upcoming tournament. On physical examination, you are able to move his hip in all directions with no resistance or pain, but you notice that his right knee has a more prominent tibial tubercle, which is also tender to the touch.
Some days later, a 4 year old girl named Sophia is brought to the clinic by her mother. Earlier that day, Sofia’s older brother was swinging her by the arms. Since then, Sofia has been experiencing pain in her right arm when she tries to move it. On physical examination, you notice that Sophia is holding her arm by her body, and cries when you try to move it. You decide to quickly hyperpronate her arm, after which Sophia becomes able to use her arm again without pain.
Okay, both Lucas and Sophia seem to have some form of pediatric musculoskeletal condition, meaning a condition that commonly affects the muscles, bones, or cartilage of individuals younger than 18 years. For your tests, the most high yield pediatric musculoskeletal disorders include developmental dysplasia of the hip, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Osgood-Schlatter disease, patellofemoral syndrome, radial head subluxation, and a variety of bone fractures.
Okay, let’s start with developmental dysplasia of the hip, or DDH, which is also known as congenital hip dysplasia. In DDH, the femoral head dislocates out of the acetabulum during development in utero. For your exams, it’s important to keep in mind that this is more common in twin or multiple pregnancies, where the fetuses have to share the space within the uterus, which may put a lot of pressure on them; as well as in firstborns, because the mother’s uterus is not as stretched out; or when the fetus is lying in a breech position within the mother’s uterus, with its buttock near the cervix at the time of delivery. Another situation that can lead to DDH is oligohydramnios, when there’s not enough amniotic fluid to expand the uterine cavity so that the fetus can have enough room.
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