Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
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Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Medicine and surgery
Allergy and immunology
Antihistamines for allergies
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Cardiology, cardiac surgery and vascular surgery
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
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Hypercholesterolemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
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Endocrinology and ENT (Otolaryngology)
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Hyperthyroidism medications
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Gastroenterology and general surgery
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Malabsorption: Clinical (To be retired)
Colorectal cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Anal conditions: Clinical (To be retired)
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Laxatives and cathartics
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Anemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
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Antiplatelet medications
Infectious diseases
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
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Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
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Chronic kidney disease: Clinical (To be retired)
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Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
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Neurology and neurosurgery
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Antihistamines for allergies
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
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Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
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Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
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Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
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Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
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Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
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Rishi Desai, MD, MPHPeptic ulcers are deep erosions in the lining of the stomach or duodenum that lead to inflammation in the gastric or duodenal wall.
Sometimes, peptic ulcers develop acutely like after a toxic ingestion or ischemia, but more often the erosions are chronic, developing slowly over time.
Chronic ulcers are mostly benign, but they can sometimes develop into a malignant ulcer, termed stomach cancer, which is why an upper endoscopy with biopsy is essential to the diagnosis.
Chronic ulcers sometimes don’t cause any symptoms. When they do, the most common symptom is dyspepsia.
Dyspepsia includes epigastric pain related to eating food, early satiety, postprandial belching, and nausea.
With gastric ulcers, epigastric pain worsens when eating a meal because of the hydrochloric acid that’s produced in response to food.
With duodenal ulcers, epigastric pain is relieved while eating a meal, but it typically recurs 2 to 5 hours later or it can appear at night. That’s because with duodenal ulcers, Helicobacter pylori is involved in most cases and it increases the hydrochloric acid production by indirectly increasing gastrin production and when there’s no food to act as a buffer, the pain worsens.
Sometimes peptic ulcers can erode deep into the gastric and duodenal wall resulting in complications.
If an ulcer erodes into a blood vessel, then it can cause hematemesis or melena.
If there’s an ulcer in the pyloric antrum or in the duodenum, then it can cause gastric outlet obstruction. That can worsen the symptoms and even cause the individual to lose weight.
Summary
A peptic ulcer is an erosion or a break in gastric or/and duodenal mucosa. The most common causes of peptic ulcers are infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen. Symptoms of peptic ulcers include upper left abdominal pain, bloating, vomiting, nausea, and loss of appetite. Treatment involves a combination of medications, and sometimes surgery.
Moving on to stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, it is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the stomach. Risk factors for stomach cancer include H. pylori infection, a diet high in smoked or salty foods, and a family history of stomach cancer. Symptoms of stomach cancer usually appear in advanced stages and include nausea, vomiting, unintended weight loss, diffuse abdominal pain, hematemesis or melena, and a sense of fullness in the upper abdomen after eating a small meal. Treatment of stomach cancer may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy.
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