Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
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Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Disease-specific Pathology
Cardiovascular Disorders
Aneurysms
Aortic valve disease
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Atrial septal defect
Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review
Cor pulmonale
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Heart failure
Heart failure: Pathology review
Mitral valve disease
Patent ductus arteriosus
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Ventricular septal defect
Endocrine Disorders
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Eye, Ear, Nose, & Throat Disorders
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Vertigo: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Encopresis
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Intussusception
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Genetic Disorders
Angelman syndrome
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Leukodystrophy
Marfan syndrome
Myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Prader-Willi syndrome
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Turner syndrome
Hematological Disorders
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review
Integumentary Disorders
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Metabolic Disorders
Galactosemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Lactose intolerance
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Back pain: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Learning disability
Shaken baby syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Neurological Disorders
Alzheimer disease
Headaches: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Spina bifida
Nutritional Disorders
Beriberi
Excess Vitamin A
Excess Vitamin D
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Iodine deficiency
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Zinc deficiency
Psychiatric Disorders
Amnesia
Bipolar disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder
Body focused repetitive disorders
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders
Delusional disorder
Dissociative disorders
Factitious disorder
Major depressive disorder
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Phobias
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Seasonal affective disorder
Serotonin syndrome
Somatic symptom disorder
Renal Disorders
Hyperkalemia
Hypernatremia
Hyponatremia
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Prerenal azotemia
Respiratory Disorders
Chronic bronchitis
Cor pulmonale
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Pulmonary embolism
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Sexual & Reproductive Disorders
Amenorrhea: Pathology Review
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Erectile dysfunction
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Sleep Disorders
Bruxism
Insomnia
Narcolepsy (NORD)
Night terrors
Assessments
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 7 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Image reproduced from Wikimedia Commons
The mass is surgically resected. Subsequent histology reveals calcifications as well as cysts filled with brownish, cholesterol-rich fluid. The mass is most likely a derivative of which of the following structures?
Memory Anchors and Partner Content
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Content Reviewers
Yifan Xiao, MDWhile doing your rounds, you see a 6 year-old named Alex who presents with severe headaches and vision impairment which began six months ago. More specifically, he has some difficulty seeing things on the periphery, what he describes as tunnel vision. Examination reveals bitemporal hemianopia and a much taller stature than expected for his age, with disproportionately long arms and legs. Soon after, you see Maria, who says she has been unsuccessfully trying to have a baby for the last two years. She also mentions that she hasn’t had her menstruation in 3 months, but had milky nipple discharge. Hormone serum measurements were performed in both, showing an increase in insulin-like growth factor-1 levels in Alex and an increase in prolactin levels in Maria.
Now, both seem to have a disease affecting the pituitary. But first, a bit of physiology. The pituitary is a small gland situated in a tiny bony space called the sella turcica. It is linked to the hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk, and it is divided into the anterior pituitary and the posterior pituitary. The posterior pituitary is not glandular; thus it doesn’t make its own hormones. Instead, it stores and secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are produced in the hypothalamus. By contrast, the anterior pituitary has five types of hormone producing cells. First, lactotrophs secrete prolactin, which stimulates breast milk production and inhibits ovulation and spermatogenesis. Second, somatotrophs secrete growth hormone, or GH. GH acts directly on target tissues to stimulate growth and development. Then, corticotrophs secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH for short. ACTH makes the adrenal glands secrete cortisol. Cortisol is in charge of the stress response and keeping blood pressure and blood sugar in the normal range. Fourth, thyrotrophs secrete thyroid stimulating hormone, or TSH. TSH makes the thyroid gland release thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. Thyroid hormones speed up the basal metabolic rate in all cells, so it keeps cellular processes going at an optimal rate. And finally, gonadotroph cells secrete luteinizing hormone, or LH, and follicle-stimulating hormone, or FSH, that stimulate ovarian or testicular production of sex cells and sex hormones.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Tenth Edition" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2017)
- "The prevalence of pituitary adenomas" Cancer (2004)
- "Evaluation and Treatment of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline" The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (2006)
- "Nelson's syndrome" European Journal of Endocrinology (2010)
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