Pneumonia
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First Aid
2017
2016
Adenoviruses
pneumonia p. 645
Anaerobic organisms
pneumonia caused by p. 175
Chlamydia spp p. 146
pneumonia p. 645
Chlamydia trachomatis p. 146
pneumonia p. 175
Chlamydophila pneumoniae p. 146
pneumonia p. 175
Currant jelly sputum p. 140, 182
Klebsiella pneumonia p. 655
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
pneumonia p. 645
Escherichia coli p. 140
pneumonia p. 175
Giant cell pneumonia p. 166
Haemophilus influenzae p. 138
pneumonia p. 175
Influenza p. 165
pneumonia p. 645
Klebsiella spp p. 140
pneumonia p. 645
Legionella spp
pneumonia p. 645
Mycoplasma spp
pneumonia p. 645
pneumonia caused by p. 175
Neonates
pneumonia in p. 146
Palivizumab p. 118
pneumonia prophylaxis p. 165
Pneumonia p. 645
acute respiratory distress syndrome p. 642
adenoviridae p. 160
chlamydiae p. 146
coccidioidomycosis p. 147
common causes p. 175
compliance in p. 631
Haemophilus influenzae p. 138
inhalational injury p. 640
Klebsiella pneumoniae p. 655
Mycoplasma pneumoniae p. 146
Pneumocystis jirovecii p. 150
proton pump inhibitors and p. 381
Pseudomonas aeruginosa p. 139
Q fever p. 145
readmissions with p. 261
Staphylococcus aureus p. 131
Streptococcus pneumoniae p. 132
Streptococcus agalactiae p. 133
VZV p. 160
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
pneumonia p. 175, 645
Staphylococcus aureus p. 131
pneumonia p. 645
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep) p. 133
pneumonia p. 175
Streptococcus pneumoniae p. 132
pneumonia p. 175, 645
Viruses
pneumonia p. 175
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Pneumonia is an infection in the lung tissue caused by microbes, and the result is inflammation.
The inflammation brings water into the lung tissue, and that extra water can make it harder to breathe.
During inhalation, air reaches your lungs by traveling down your trachea, then it continues through the bronchi and the bronchioles and ends up in the alveoli.
The alveoli are tiny air sacs that look like tiny clumps of grapes, that are wrapped up in a net of capillaries. This is where the majority of gas exchange happens in the lungs.
Oxygen leaves the air in the alveoli and crosses into the bloodstream while carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream and is then exhaled out of the body.
Now, now in addition to air, you’re constantly breathing in other stuff, like microbes. But we’re usually good at protecting ourselves.
For example, we have mechanical techniques like coughing, a mucociliary escalator that lines the entire airway and moves out larger bacteria, and macrophages that are nestled deep inside the alveoli and ready to destroy anything that lands there.
But sometimes, a particularly nasty microbe might succeed in colonizing the bronchioles or alveoli, and when that happens - Congratulations! You’ve got pneumonia.
Those microbes typically multiply and cross over from the airways into the lung tissue, creating an inflammatory response.
The tissue quickly fills with white blood cells as well as proteins, fluid, and even red blood cells if a nearby capillary gets damaged in the process.
Summary
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that results in air sacs being filled with fluid. It may be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungal infections. Pneumonia is either community-acquired, meaning a person got sick outside of a hospital or healthcare setting; or hospital-acquired, which is when a person gets it when they are already hospitalized for something else. Common symptoms of pneumonia can include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing. The severity of symptoms can range from mild to severe. Treatment for pneumonia typically involves drugs to kill the invading pathogen and supportive care such as oxygen therapy.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 7/E (ENHANCED EBOOK)" McGraw Hill Professional (2014)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Pneumonia: update on diagnosis and management" BMJ (2006)
- "<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Features" Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)
- "Community-acquired pneumonia" The Lancet (2015)
- "Intracellular Survival and Replication of <i>Legionella Pneumophila</i> within Host Cells" YAKUGAKU ZASSHI (2008)
- "Epithelial Cells Infected with <i>Chlamydophila pneumoniae</i> ( <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> ) Are Resistant to Apoptosis" Infection and Immunity (2001)
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