Poliovirus
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Poliovirus
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Nervous system pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
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Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
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Poliovirus
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Poliovirus p. 549
immunodeficient patients p. 116
medical importance p. 164
picornavirus p. 165
unvaccinated children p. 183
Paralysis
poliovirus p. 183
Sabin poliovirus vaccine p. 164
Vaccines p. 109
Poliovirus p. 164
Poliomyelitis p. 549
restrictive lung disease p. 700
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
poliomyelitis p. 549
Headache p. 536
poliomyelitis p. 549
Nausea
polio presentation p. 549
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Transcript
Contributors
Gil McIntire
Tanner Marshall, MS
In poliomyelitis, also called polio, “polio” refers to the poliovirus, which is an enterovirus that invades the intestines, “myel” refers to the spinal cord which is affected in the disease, and -itis refers to inflammation.
So poliomyelitis is an enteroviral disease first enters the body through the intestines, but then spreads and causes nerve injury in the spinal cord.
Former US president Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio when he was a baby, and it left him wheelchair-bound.
Broadly speaking, the nervous system consists of two parts.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
So the peripheral nervous system includes the nerves that fan out from the central nervous system to reach the skin, muscles, and organs.
Now looking at the cross-section of the brain, there’s gray matter at the periphery of the brain. This is called the cerebral cortex and it consists of nerve cell bodies.
Just inside the gray matter of the brain, is the white matter, and it consists of nerve axons.
In contrast, if you look at the cross-section of the spinal cord, the white matter is on the outside and the gray matter is on the inside, and overall it kinda looks like a butterfly.
If we draw a horizontal line through the spinal cord, the front half is the anterior or ventral half, and the back half is the posterior or dorsal half.
And the butterfly wings are sometimes referred to as horns; so we have two dorsal horns that contain cell bodies for sensory neurons and two ventral horns that contain cell bodies for motor neurons.
Summary
Poliovirus is a single-stranded RNA virus, known to cause poliomyelitis. It is transmitted through fecal-oral transmission or by aerosol droplets, and then replicates in the small intestine and oropharynx before it spreads to the central nervous system and causes nerve injury. Symptoms include high fevers, intense muscle pain from spasms and weakness, loss of muscle reflexes, and eventually paralysis. Diagnosis is done by the detection of the poliovirus from a stool or throat, or by analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid. There is no cure for polio, but it can be prevented by polio vaccines.
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