Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
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Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Pathology
Female reproductive system disorders
Amenorrhea
Breast cancer
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Mastitis
Paget disease of the breast
Phyllodes tumor
Intrauterine growth restriction
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Postpartum hemorrhage
Preterm labor
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Ectopic pregnancy
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Miscarriage
Germ cell ovarian tumor
Krukenberg tumor
Ovarian cyst
Ovarian torsion
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premature ovarian failure
Sex cord-gonadal stromal tumor
Surface epithelial-stromal tumor
Chorioamnionitis
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital syphilis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal sepsis
Cervical incompetence
Gestational diabetes
Gestational hypertension
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Placenta accreta
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Cervical cancer
Choriocarcinoma
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial hyperplasia
Endometriosis
Endometritis
Uterine fibroid
Male and female reproductive system disorders
Delayed puberty
Precocious puberty
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Male reproductive system disorders
Bladder exstrophy
Hypospadias and epispadias
Penile cancer
Priapism
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Prostate cancer
Prostatitis
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Cryptorchidism
Epididymitis
Inguinal hernia
Orchitis
Testicular cancer
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
Reproductive system pathology review
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Breast cancer: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Assessments
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
USMLE® Step 1 questions
0 / 8 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
| Laboratory value | Result |
| Serum chemistry | |
| Sodium | 139 mEq/L |
| Potassium | 3.5 mEq/L |
| Chloride | 95 mEq/L |
| Calcium, serum | 9.2 mg/dL |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | 7 mm/hr |
| Creatinine | 1.1 g/dL |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 157 U/L |
Serum prostate specific antigen is 15 ng/mL. Further evaluation of this patient will show which of the following?
Transcript
Content Reviewers
On the urology ward, two people came in. The first is 63-year-old Joseph who complains of difficulty with urination. More specifically, he says he has trouble initiating his stream of urine, and after urination, his bladder still feels full. He also wakes up several times each night feeling the need to urinate. These symptoms have been present for the past few years, but have gradually become worse. Digital rectal examination revealed symmetrically enlarged, smooth, firm, nontender prostate with rubbery or elastic texture. The second is Sam, a 72-year-old African-American individual who comes in with lower back pain that is not relieved by rest or position changes and has been increasing over the past couple of months. He has also noticed recent feelings of fatigue and weight loss, which he attributes to decreased appetite. On further history, he consumes a diet low in fiber and high in saturated fat and red meat. On digital rectal examination, an irregular, hard lump is palpated in the posterior of his prostate. Labs show increased alkaline phosphatase and total PSA levels with decreased free to total PSA ratio.
Both Joseph and Sam have different forms of prostate disorders! Let’s first remind ourselves about physiology real quick. The prostate is a small gland whose job is to secrete an alkaline milky liquid that joins the sperm and the semen. To do that, it sits under the bladder and in front of the rectum. That’s important because when we do digital rectal exam, we’re able to palpate the posterior of the prostate. The urethra goes through the prostate before reaching the penis. And that part of the urethra is called the prostatic urethra.
Now, the prostate can be divided into a few zones and this is high yield! The peripheral zone, which is the outermost posterior section, is the largest of the zones and contain about 70% of the prostate’s glandular tissue. Moving inward, the central zone contains about 25% of the glandular tissue. Last, is the transitional zone, which contains around 5% of the glandular tissue, and is located in the periurethral region of the prostate. The transitional zone gets its name because it contains transitional cells which are also found in the bladder.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Wheater's Functional Histology" Churchill Livingstone (2013)
- "Gray's Anatomy" Churchill Livingstone (2015)
- "Acute Bacterial Prostatitis: Diagnosis and Management" Am Fam Physician (2016)
- "Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia" Annual Review of Medicine (2016)
- "Current medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms/BPH" Current Opinion in Urology (2014)
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