Restless legs syndrome

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Restless legs syndrome

Nervous system

Central nervous system disorders

Spina bifida

Chiari malformation

Dandy-Walker malformation

Syringomyelia

Tethered spinal cord syndrome

Aqueductal stenosis

Septo-optic dysplasia

Cerebral palsy

Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)

Transient ischemic attack

Ischemic stroke

Intracerebral hemorrhage

Epidural hematoma

Subdural hematoma

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Saccular aneurysm

Arteriovenous malformation

Broca aphasia

Wernicke aphasia

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

Concussion and traumatic brain injury

Shaken baby syndrome

Epilepsy

Febrile seizure

Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (NORD)

Tension headache

Cluster headache

Migraine

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

Trigeminal neuralgia

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Alzheimer disease

Vascular dementia

Frontotemporal dementia

Lewy body dementia

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Normal pressure hydrocephalus

Torticollis

Essential tremor

Restless legs syndrome

Parkinson disease

Huntington disease

Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)

Multiple sclerosis

Central pontine myelinolysis

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

Transverse myelitis

JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)

Adult brain tumors

Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)

Pituitary adenoma

Pediatric brain tumors

Brain herniation

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome

Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Syringomyelia

Friedreich ataxia

Neurogenic bladder

Meningitis

Neonatal meningitis

Encephalitis

Brain abscess

Epidural abscess

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Central and peripheral nervous system disorders

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Tuberous sclerosis

Neurofibromatosis

von Hippel-Lindau disease

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Peripheral nervous system disorders

Spinal muscular atrophy

Poliovirus

Guillain-Barre syndrome

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Trigeminal neuralgia

Bell palsy

Winged scapula

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Ulnar claw

Erb-Duchenne palsy

Klumpke paralysis

Sciatica

Myasthenia gravis

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Autonomic nervous system disorders

Orthostatic hypotension

Horner syndrome

Nervous system pathology review

Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review

Headaches: Pathology review

Seizures: Pathology review

Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review

Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review

Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review

Dementia: Pathology review

Central nervous system infections: Pathology review

Movement disorders: Pathology review

Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review

Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review

Adult brain tumors: Pathology review

Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review

Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review

Assessments

Restless legs syndrome

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Restless legs syndrome

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A 50-year-old woman comes to the clinic due to sleeping disturbances for the past 2 months. The patient reports an uncomfortable sensation of the legs that occurs especially at night or during prolonged inactivity. She describes the sensation as a “crawling” and “tingling” sensation which makes her wake up multiple times throughout the night. After waking up, walking and moving her legs provides temporary relief. Medical history is significant for hypertension and diabetes mellitus type 2. The patient’s most recent HbA1C was 7.0% one month ago. Vitals are within normal limits. Physical examination shows bilateral flat foot, for which she uses orthoses. Monofilament examination of the foot is within normal limits. Achilles reflex is 2+ bilaterally. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?  

Summary

Restless legs syndrome, also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an irresistible urge to move one's body to stop uncomfortable or odd sensations. It is often bilateral and most commonly affects the legs, but can affect the arms, torso, head, and even phantom limbs. Moving the affected body part modulates the sensations, providing temporary relief. The exact cause of RLS is not known, but it is believed to be related to a dysfunction of the brain's dopamine system. RLS can be treated with medications like dopamine agonists and benzodiazepines; and lifestyle changes, such as avoiding aggravating factors like caffeine intake.

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