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Pulmonary
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Lung volumes and capacities
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Ventilation
Alveolar gas equation
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Airflow, pressure, and resistance
Hypoxia
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Erythropoietin
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Pulmonary shunts
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Respiratory syncytial virus
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Asthma
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Bronchiectasis
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Cystic fibrosis
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Restrictive lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Upper respiratory tract infection
Bacterial epiglottitis
Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses
Allergic rhinitis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Pulmonary edema
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Superior vena cava syndrome
Sleep apnea
Laryngomalacia
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus viridans
Listeria monocytogenes
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis/Whooping cough)
Haemophilus influenzae
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycobacterium leprae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Coxsackievirus
Rhinovirus
Influenza virus
Human parainfluenza viruses
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19)
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)
Rhinovirus
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picornavirus p. 165, 165
receptors for p. 163
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Human Rhinovirus (HRV) is a communicable, infectious virus that causes inflammation of the nasal mucosa, or rhinitis.
It mainly causes upper respiratory tract infections, and gets its rhino- name, meaning nose, because it commonly causes a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing, as well as a sore throat and cough.
There are over 100 serologic known types and all of them can cause a "common cold” in humans!
Now, rhinovirus belongs to the picornaviridae family of viruses.
They are naked viruses, about 30 nanometers in diameter, and they’re surrounded by an icosahedral capsid, which is a spherical protein shell made up of 20 equilateral triangular faces.
And they’re “naked” because the capsid isn’t covered by a lipid membrane.
They’re also single-stranded, positive-sense ribonucleic acid, or RNA, viruses.
This means that their RNA is actually mRNA, which the host cell ribosomes use to make viral proteins.
Unlike other picornaviruses, rhinoviruses are acid labile.
That means they can be destroyed by stomach acid, so they don’t typically infect the GI tract and don’t spread through a fecal-to-oral route.
On the other hand, rhinoviruses commonly infect the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, which lines the nasal cavity.
So rhinovirus transmission occurs through contact with infected respiratory secretions, like snot and aerosols, particularly from nose blowing or sneezing.
Touching an infected surface, like a door handle or shaking hands, and then touching an uninfected respiratory mucosa is a main way to transfer an infection - that’s because rhinoviruses can survive up to 2 hours on the skin, and 4 days on surfaces.
Once rhinovirus has been introduced to the respiratory mucosa, it targets cell surface receptors expressed at the surface of nasal epithelial cells.
Rhinoviruses can target a few specific receptors for entry, but one in particular is intercellular adhesion molecule-1, or ICAM-1.
This attachment allows for rhinovirus to be eaten, or endocytosed, into the host cell.
During the endocytosis process, the icosahedral capsid breaks open, allowing the single stranded RNA of Rhinovirus to gain access to the host cell cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm, the host cell ribosomes take over viral protein production, helping the virus replicate.
Rhinovirus is a type of virus that causes the common cold. It infects the epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, typically through a nasal route of transmission. The result is an inflammatory response from immune cells, which leads to a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually made clinically, and the treatment focuses on symptom relief and preventing the spread of infection to others. To prevent the spread of rhinovirus, it is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.
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