Shigella
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Shigella
Endocrine system
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Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
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Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones
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Shigella
USMLE® Step 1 questions
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Viviana Popa, MDContributors
Kaylee Neff
Tanner Marshall, MS
Kaia Chessen, MScBMC
Shigella is a Gram-negative bacterium that belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family.
There are 4 species of Shigella:
S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri; S. boydii; and S. sonnei, and each has its own serotypes.
In humans these species can all cause Shigellosis, which is a contagious infection of the intestines, particularly the colon.
And shigellosis can progress to dysentery, which is when the infection causes inflammation of the colon, resulting in severe abdominal pain and diarrhea.
Now, Shigella is a gram-negative, rod shaped bacterium, meaning it looks like a little red or pink stick on a gram stain.
And it’s a facultative anaerobe, so it can survive with or without oxygen in the environment.
It has no flagellum, making it nonmotile; and it doesn’t form spores.
It’s also a non-lactose fermenter, so it doesn’t ferment lactose; and it’s urease and oxidase-negative, meaning it doesn’t produce these enzymes.
Finally, it doesn’t produce hydrogen sulfide gas either, and this can be used to selectively identify Shigella on special culture mediums like MacConkey agar.
On this medium, Shigella mostly forms white, non-lactose fermenting, non-hydrogen sulfide-producing colonies
Now, once Shigella is ingested, it multiplies in the small intestine, and then passes into the colon.
There, it targets the epithelial layer of the mucosal lining where it infects colonic enterocytes and microfold cells, or M-cells.
And these M-cells phagocytose, which means they eat the bacteria from the intestinal lumen, and then spit it out into the underlying mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, or MALTs.
MALTs are a type of mucosal immune tissue that extends into the submucosa, and contains plenty of immune cells like macrophages.
The macrophages gobble up Shigella to neutralize the pathogen, but the bacterium induces apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the macrophage.
Summary
Shigella is a genus of bacteria known to cause a contagious form of gastroenteritis known as shigellosis. Shigellosis is characterized by an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which causes destruction and inflammation of the epithelium, leading to dysentery with symptoms like severe abdominal and rectal cramping and pain, a fever, and watery diarrhea with mucous with or without blood or pus. Shigella is transmitted through the fecal-to-oral route, mainly through fingers, food, and flies. It's diagnosed with a fecal sample and treatment centers around fluid and electrolyte replenishment and antibiotics.
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