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Medical and surgical emergencies
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS): Clinical (To be retired)
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Heart failure: Clinical (To be retired)
Syncope: Clinical (To be retired)
Pericardial disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Valvular heart disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Shock: Clinical (To be retired)
Peripheral vascular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Leg ulcers: Clinical (To be retired)
Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical (To be retired)
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Loop diuretics
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Positive inotropic medications
Antiplatelet medications
Blistering skin disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Burns: Clinical (To be retired)
Diabetes mellitus: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperthyroidism: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Parathyroid conditions and calcium imbalance: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Insulins
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Glucocorticoids
Abdominal pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Appendicitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical (To be retired)
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical (To be retired)
Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Diverticular disease: Clinical (To be retired)
Gallbladder disorders: Clinical (To be retired)
Pancreatitis: Clinical (To be retired)
Cirrhosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Hernias: Clinical (To be retired)
Bowel obstruction: Clinical (To be retired)
Abdominal trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Blood products and transfusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Fever of unknown origin: Clinical (To be retired)
Infective endocarditis: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumonia: Clinical (To be retired)
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Diarrhea: Clinical (To be retired)
Urinary tract infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscesses: Clinical (To be retired)
Bites and stings: Clinical (To be retired)
Skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical (To be retired)
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
Herpesvirus medications
Azoles
Echinocandins
Miscellaneous antifungal medications
Anthelmintic medications
Antimalarials
Anti-mite and louse medications
Hypernatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyponatremia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hyperkalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Hypokalemia: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory acidosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Metabolic and respiratory alkalosis: Clinical (To be retired)
Toxidromes: Clinical (To be retired)
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Acute kidney injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Kidney stones: Clinical (To be retired)
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
Seizures: Clinical (To be retired)
Headaches: Clinical (To be retired)
Traumatic brain injury: Clinical (To be retired)
Neck trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Lower back pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Migraine medications
Osmotic diuretics
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Opioid antagonists
Asthma: Clinical (To be retired)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical (To be retired)
Venous thromboembolism: Clinical (To be retired)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical (To be retired)
Pleural effusion: Clinical (To be retired)
Pneumothorax: Clinical (To be retired)
Chest trauma: Clinical (To be retired)
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Joint pain: Clinical (To be retired)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Glucocorticoids
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Antigout medications
Stroke: Clinical (To be retired)
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of complete
Stefan Stoisavljevic, MD
A stroke is a when there’s a sudden focal neurological deficit due to a part of the brain losing its blood supply.
There are two types of strokes - ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes.
The majority are ischemic strokes and there are three types: thrombotic, embolic, and hypoxic strokes.
Thrombotic strokes are caused by local arterial obstruction due to inflammatory diseases like atherosclerosis, and non-inflammatory diseases like fibromuscular dysplasia.
Thrombotic strokes affect large vessels like the internal carotid artery, as well as small vessels like the penetrating arteries that branch off of the basilar artery.
When they affect these small arteries they’re called lacunar strokes, and they typically cause symptoms like hemiparesis, ataxia, dysarthria, and numbness in the contralateral face, arm, and leg.
An embolic stroke is when the blood vessel is blocked by an embolus.
If it arises from the heart, it’s called cardioembolic, and that usually occurs in the setting of atrial fibrillation.
That’s because in atrial fibrillation, blood stagnates in the atria and can become clotted.
That clot can then travel up to the blood vessels supplying the brain.
Alternatively, an embolus might dislodge from a thrombus or atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery, and that results in a thromboembolic or atheroembolic stroke.
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