Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

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A 73-year-old female presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath. She is concerned her “COPD is flaring up.” Past medical history is notable for hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and type II diabetes mellitus. She has been smoking one pack of cigarettes per day for twenty years. Temperature is 37.0°C (98.6°F), pulse is 136/min, respirations are 22/min, blood pressure is 104/72 mmHg, and oxygen saturation is 92% on room air. The patient is currently speaking in three to four word sentences and demonstrates increased work of breathing. There are bilateral rales throughout the lung fields, and the electrocardiogram from triage is shown below:  


Based on this patient's electrocardiogram, which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?  

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Melissa is a 21 year old college student who is having the time of her life at a party. It’s late, and unfortunately she has class the next morning, so she drinks a ton of coffee to sober up. On her way out, Melissa collapses to the floor, but wakes up after a couple of seconds. On her way to the emergency room, she tells the paramedics that she’s “aware of her heartbeat”. Then comes Taylor, a 32 year old female who is brought to the emergency room by her partner because she suddenly collapsed for a couple of minutes while cooking dinner. Taylor is now awake, and she tells you that right before collapsing she was feeling dizzy and like her heart was racing, but now she’s fine. They are both placed on different monitors. Melissa’s heart rate is 200 beats per minute and regular, and this is Melissa’s ECG. On the other hand, Taylor’s heart rate is 80 beats per minute and regular, so everything seems fine. However, her ECG shows this.

All right, so both Melissa and Taylor experienced palpitations and syncope, and their ECGs reveal they both have some form of arrhythmia. The best way to approach arrhythmias is to first: know what a normal ECG looks like, and second: have a good classification system to narrow down the diagnosis.

First, let’s review the normal electrical conduction pathway in the heart, and how it looks like on an ECG. An ECG tracing specifically shows how the depolarization wave flows through the heart during each heartbeat. The normal electrical activity of the heart starts in the sinoatrial or SA node and is then conducted through the atrium, creating the P wave on ECG. From the atrium, electrical activity goes to the atrioventricular, or AV node, after which it goes through the Bundle of His, then the right and left branches of the Bundle, and finally through the Purkinje fibers, which deliver the current to the right and left ventricles. On an ECG, this will create the QRS complex, which represents the depolarization of the ventricles; and finally the T wave, which represents the repolarization of the ventricles. To help identify an irregular rhythm you can look at the morphology of the waveform and make sure that there is a P wave before every QRS complex, and a QRS complex after every P wave.

Summary

An arrhythmia is any disturbance in the rate, rhythm, site of origin, or conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse. Supraventricular arrhythmias are a group of cardiac arrhythmias that originate at or above the atrioventricular node and have a narrow QRS complex (<120 ms). Supraventricular arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia.

Supraventricular arrhythmias can cause a patient's heart rate to become too fast (tachycardia) or too slow (bradycardia). They can also cause stasis of blood flow in the atrial compartment and increase the risk of clot formation, especially in the left atrial appendage. These clots can dislodge, and travel into the systemic circulation, causing potentially life-threatening pathologies like embolic strokes, acute limb ischemia, central retinal artery occlusion, or acute mesenteric ischemia.

Common symptoms seen in supraventricular arrhythmias include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Treatment for these arrhythmias usually involves medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, and other antiarrhythmic drugs; or procedures like electrical cardioversion and catheter ablation. In some cases, lifestyle modifications may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing arrhythmias.

Sources

  1. "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
  2. "Josephson's Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology" Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2015)
  3. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  4. "Novel PRKAG2 Mutation Responsible for the Genetic Syndrome of Ventricular Preexcitation and Conduction System Disease With Childhood Onset and Absence of Cardiac Hypertrophy" Circulation (2001)
  5. "Josephson's Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology" Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (2015)
  6. "Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia" New England Journal of Medicine (1990)
  7. "Risk Factors and Genetics of Atrial Fibrillation" Cardiology Clinics (2014)
  8. "Alcohol and Atrial Fibrillation" Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2016)
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