Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
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Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
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USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
The patient is started on appropriate pharmacologic treatment, but she returns to the clinic two days later after experiencing a continued fever plus chills, headaches, myalgias, and worsening of the maculopapular rash. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
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Alopecia
syphilis p. 145
Aorta
in syphilitic heart disease p. 321
Aortic aneurysm p. 308
syphilitic heart disease p. 321
Aortic insufficiency
syphilitic heart disease p. 321
Aortitis
syphilis p. 145, 180
Argyll Robertson pupils
syphilis p. 145, 180
Ataxia
syphilis p. 145
Charcot joints
syphilis p. 145
Condylomata lata
syphilis p. 145, 180
Deafness
syphilis p. 181
Gummas
syphilis p. 145, 180
Hydrops fetalis
syphilis p. 181
Lymphadenopathy
syphilis p. 145, 180
Maculopapular rash
syphilis p. 145
Pregnancy p. 657
syphilis in p. 145
Rashes
syphilis p. 145, 180
Saber shins
syphilis p. 181
Saddle nose
syphilis p. 181
Spontaneous abortion
syphilis p. 181
Stroke p. 529
syphilis p. 145
Syphilis p. 145
as granulomatous disease p. NaN
presentation p. 716
prophylaxis for p. 195
STI p. 180
tabes dorsalis p. 548
testing for p. 145
thoracic aortic aneurysms and p. 308
ToRCHeS infection p. 181
Syphilitic heart disease p. 321
Tertiary syphilis
aortic aneurysms p. 728
as granulomatous disease p. NaN
presentation p. 716
Treponema pallidum
syphilis p. 145
Vasa vasorum
syphilis p. 145
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Transcript
Contributors
Evan Debevec-McKenney
Jake Ryan
Sam Gillespie, BSc
Jahnavi Narayanan, MBBS
Treponema pallidum can be considered a gram-negative bacterium even though its cell envelope differs from other gram-negative bacteria.
You might know T. pallidum because it causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease that affects the skin and mucous membranes of the external genitalia, and also sometimes the mouth.
Treponema pallidum is an obligate parasite bacteria, meaning it can't survive outside a living body. To be more specific, outside of a human being's body. They belong to a group of bacteria called spirochetes, which are long and thin, and contain endoflagella, which are a band of protein filaments that coil within the spirochetes, and give them a spiral shape - kind of like a curly fry, but a little less appetizing. The endoflagella also help the spirochetes to move around by spinning or twisting, a bit like a drill that’s slowly boring into a piece of wood.
People that have syphilis can transmit the disease to others, in one of two ways. The first way is called acquired syphilis and that’s when Treponema pallidum enters the body through bodily fluids. That can happen when there are tiny cuts, or breaks in the skin or mucous membranes of the external genitalia or mouth and when there’s sexual contact - including oral, anal, and vaginal sex.
It can also happen when people share contaminated needles, or when they have direct contact with a skin lesion on an infected person, because the lesion is covered in this fluid which is rich in spirochetes. The second way is called congenital syphilis and that’s when a pregnant person has syphilis and Treponema pallidum infects a baby either in the uterus or while the baby exits through the vagina at birth.
In acquired syphilis, there are three stages to the infection. The first stage is called primary syphilis or the early localized stage, and it usually starts 1 to 3 weeks after the T. pallidum lands on the skin or mucous membrane.
Summary
Treponema pallidum is a type of bacterium that causes syphilis, which is a sexually transmitted infection. It can spread through direct contact with a syphilis sore during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can cause disease in three stages. The first is localized primary syphilis, and this produces hard chancres. The second is disseminated secondary syphilis, which produces widespread maculopapular rash, and the third is systemic tertiary syphilis, which affects various organs.
Syphilis can be diagnosed by using serological tests and treated with antibiotics like penicillin. If left untreated, it can lead to severe health complications, including organ damage and even death. Syphilis is primarily treated with intramuscular penicillin G benzathine. The main goals of nursing care include the resolution of their infection, and avoiding the spread of the infection among their sexual contacts. Client teaching is aimed at promoting adherence to treatment and follow-up, as well as disease prevention.
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