Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review

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A 23-year-old man was admitted five days ago to the burn ward after suffering severe lower extremity burns at work. On admission, the patient was started on prophylactic antibiotics. Currently, temperature is 39 ºC (102.2 ºF), pulse is 120/minute, blood pressure is 98/55, and respirations are 20/minute. Examination of the burn wounds shows blue-green purulent discharge. Microscopic and laboratory examination of the discharge show Gram-negative catalase-positive bacteria. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?  

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At the dermatology clinic, 58 year old Alan presents complaining of painful lesions on his skin and mouth for the past two months. On examination, there are flaccid bullae with erosions all over his trunk and extremities, as well as erosions on the oral and gingival mucosa. When lateral pressure is applied to a lesion, the outermost layer seems to slough off.

On the same day, 17 year old Gabriella comes in with an intensely itchy rash that appeared a couple of weeks ago. She has also experienced frequent nausea and diarrhea after meals. Physical examination shows multiple papules, vesicles, and bullae on both of her knees, forearms, and elbows, as well as her back and buttocks. Lab tests reveal elevated levels of anti-gliadin IgA and IgM. Based on the initial presentation, Alan and Gabriella seem to have some form of vesiculobullous or desquamating skin disorder.

Okay, first, let’s talk about physiology real quick. Normally, the skin is divided into three main layers, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The hypodermis is made of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to the underlying muscle. Above the hypodermis is the dermis, containing hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, blood and lymph vessels. And above the dermis is the epidermis, which contains 5 layers of developing keratinocytes.

Keratinocytes start their life at the lowest layer of the epidermis, so the stratum basale or basal layer. As keratinocytes in the stratum basale mature, they migrate into the next layers of the epidermis, called the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and finally, the stratum corneum, which is the uppermost and thickest epidermal layer.

Before we dive into the various inflammatory skin disorders, there are several high yield terms to describe skin lesions. The most important here are the vesicles, which are up to 1 centimeter in diameter and look like clear blisters filled with fluid, and bullae, which are fluid-filled blisters larger than 1 centimeter.

All right then, onto vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders! Let’s start with autoimmune blistering diseases, which are a group of autoimmune disorders that affect the skin and mucous membrane like those found in the mouth. They are caused by a type II hypersensitivity reaction. That’s when the immune system B cells produce antibodies that bind to the body's own proteins. A disorder belonging to this group is pemphigus vulgaris, which is mainly seen in adults between the age of 40 and 60.

Summary

Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders are a group of conditions that affect the skin and cause blisters, sores, and scaling. These disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including autoimmune disorders, infections, and allergic reactions.

Vesiculobullous disorders are characterized by the formation of fluid-filled blisters, which can vary in size and severity. Examples of vesiculobullous disorders include pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and herpes simplex virus infections. Desquamating skin disorders, on the other hand, are characterized by the shedding or peeling of skin, often in the form of scales or flakes. These conditions can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, allergies, and underlying skin disorders. Examples of desquamating skin disorders include psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and seborrheic dermatitis.

Treatment options may include topical or systemic medications, such as corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs, as well as lifestyle modifications, such as avoiding triggers or irritants that can worsen the condition.

Sources

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  4. "Melasma: an Up-to-Date Comprehensive Review" Dermatology and Therapy (2017)
  5. "Seborrheic keratosis" Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology (2014)
  6. "An approach to acanthosis nigricans" Indian Dermatology Online Journal (2014)
  7. "Is Acanthosis Nigricans a Reliable Indicator for Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Children and Adolescents?" The Journal of School Nursing (2011)
  8. "Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications" Allergy and Asthma Proceedings (2019)
  9. "Urticaria: A comprehensive review" Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2018)
  10. "Rosacea: a clinical review" Dermatology Reports (2016)
  11. "Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment" International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2019)
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