Vitamin K deficiency

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Vitamin K deficiency

Pathology

Anemias

Iron deficiency anemia

Beta-thalassemia

Alpha-thalassemia

Sideroblastic anemia

Anemia of chronic disease

Lead poisoning

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Sickle cell disease (NORD)

Hereditary spherocytosis

Anemia of chronic disease

Aplastic anemia

Fanconi anemia

Megaloblastic anemia

Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Fanconi anemia

Diamond-Blackfan anemia

Heme synthesis disorders

Acute intermittent porphyria

Porphyria cutanea tarda

Lead poisoning

Coagulation disorders

Hemophilia

Vitamin K deficiency

Platelet disorders

Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Glanzmann's thrombasthenia

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders

Von Willebrand disease

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability)

Antithrombin III deficiency

Factor V Leiden

Protein C deficiency

Protein S deficiency

Antiphospholipid syndrome

Lymphomas

Hodgkin lymphoma

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Leukemias

Chronic leukemia

Acute leukemia

Leukemoid reaction

Leukemoid reaction

Dysplastic and proliferative disorders

Myelodysplastic syndromes

Polycythemia vera (NORD)

Myelofibrosis (NORD)

Essential thrombocythemia (NORD)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Mastocytosis (NORD)

Plasma cell dyscrasias

Multiple myeloma

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

Hematological system pathology review

Microcytic anemia: Pathology review

Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review

Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review

Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review

Coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Platelet disorders: Pathology review

Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review

Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review

Lymphomas: Pathology review

Leukemias: Pathology review

Plasma cell disorders: Pathology review

Myeloproliferative disorders: Pathology review

Assessments

Vitamin K deficiency

Flashcards

0 / 9 complete

USMLE® Step 1 questions

0 / 3 complete

High Yield Notes

4 pages

Flashcards

Vitamin K deficiency

of complete

Questions

USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE

of complete

A 6-day-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his parents because of easy bruising. The infant was born at 38 weeks to a 23-year-old primigravida woman via normal vaginal delivery at home. This is his first medical evaluation. The patient’s mother took prenatal vitamins and maintained a healthy diet during pregnancy. Family history is unremarkable. Vitals are within normal limits. Physical examination reveals an alert infant. Examination shows multiple ecchymoses visible on upper and lower extremities. The remainder of the examination is unremarkable. Laboratory results are shown.
 
 Laboratory features 
 Laboratory value  Result 
 Platelet count    230,000/mm3 
 Bleeding time  5 minutes 
 Prothrombin time   27 seconds 
 Activated partial thromboplastin time  42 seconds 

Which of the following is the most likely cause of this infant’s presentation?

Summary

Vitamin K deficiency is a form of avitaminosis resulting from insufficient vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both. It can develop as a result of low vitamin K stores, a sterile gut, gestational use of coumarin-like anticoagulants, chronic use of antibiotics, and prolonged diarrhea. Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, hematomas, oozing of blood at surgical or puncture sites, stomach pains, risk of massive uncontrolled bleeding, cartilage calcification, and severe malformation of developing bone or deposition of insoluble calcium salts in the walls of arteries. In infants, it can cause some birth defects such as an underdeveloped face, nose, bones, and fingers. Treatment involves administration of vitamin K, as well as intake of vitamin K-rich foods.

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