X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Genetics
Population genetics
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Inheritance patterns
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Evolution and natural selection
Genetic disorders
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Fragile X syndrome
Huntington disease
Myotonic dystrophy
Friedreich ataxia
Turner syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Cri du chat syndrome
Williams syndrome
Alagille syndrome (NORD)
Achondroplasia
Polycystic kidney disease
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntington disease
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Albinism
Polycystic kidney disease
Cystic fibrosis
Friedreich ataxia
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Hemochromatosis
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
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Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Wilson disease
Fragile X syndrome
Alport syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Fabry disease (NORD)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemophilia
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Muscular dystrophy
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Mitochondrial myopathy
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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X-linked agammaglobulinemia
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Agammaglobulinemia
chromosome affected p. 62
Bruton agammaglobulinemia p. 59, 114
Hypogammaglobulinemia p. 221
Tonsils
agammaglobulinemia p. 114
X-linked agammaglobulinemia p. 114
X-linked recessive disorders
agammaglobulinemia p. 114
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Transcript
Content Reviewers
Rishi Desai, MD, MPHContributors
Tanner Marshall, MS
Samantha McBundy, MFA, CMI
With X-linked agammaglobulinemia, or XLA for short, gamma globulin is another name for immunoglobulin, which is another name for antibodies, a- means without, and -emia refers to the blood.
So this is a disease where there aren’t any antibodies in the blood, and X-linked means that it’s caused by a gene mutation on the X chromosome.
Now, normally, immunoglobulins are secreted into the blood by plasma cells, which are fully matured or differentiated B cells, a type of immune cell.
Way before that ever happens, though, those B cells start out in the bone marrow as pluripotent stem cells, pluripotent meaning that they can develop into a number of different types of cells.
But to become a B cell, first that pluripotent stem cell differentiates into a lymphoid precursor cell, then a pro-B cell, then a pre-B cell, then an immature B cell which migrates from the bone marrow to the spleen, where it becomes a mature or naive B cell, which after being exposed to the right antigen, moves into the blood or lymph and becomes an antibody-secreting plasma cell.
In XLA, this maturation process stops at the pre-B cell stage.
Why does it do that? Well, by the immature B cell stage, it has a B cell receptor, which is a membrane-bound antibody, specifically an immunoglobulin M or IgM.
But in the Pre- and Pro-B cell stages, this B cell receptor’s still being assembled, once it’s finished, it’s made up of heavy chain and light chain protein subunits, and the heavy chains are put together first.
Since it hasn’t been fully assembled yet, this IgM’s known as a pre-B cell receptor.
Now, an enzyme called bruton’s tyrosine kinase is super important for both the development and normal functioning of the B cell receptor.
Summary
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is an x-linked genetic disorder of the immune system caused by mutations in the BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) gene. XLA primarily affects males, as they only have one X chromosome, while females have two and are typically carriers of the mutated gene. Individuals with XLA have a deficiency in B cells. This results in an inability to mount an effective immune response against bacterial infections, leading to recurrent and often severe infections, especially of the respiratory tract and ears. The symptoms of XLA typically appear in early childhood, and affected individuals may experience recurrent bacterial infections, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive.
Sources
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology" Saunders W.B. (2018)
- "Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking" LWW (2016)
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia Patients Are Not Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus: Implications for the Biology of the Virus" Journal of Virology (1999)
- "Autoimmunity in Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: An Updated Review on Pathogenic and Clinical Implications" Journal of Clinical Medicine (2021)
- "Peripheral B Cell Deficiency and Predisposition to Viral Infections: The Paradigm of Immune Deficiencies" Frontiers in Immunology (2021)
- "B-cell biology and development" Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
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