Video - Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review

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Video Summary

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a respiratory condition in which the alveoli collapse due to the deficiency of the surface-active substance called surfactant. Collapsed alveoli make it difficult to breathe and get enough oxygen. Acute respiratory distress syndrome happens when inflammation causes diffuse alveolar injury and pulmonary edema. This edema can wash away the surfactant coating the alveoli to the point where it causes the alveoli to collapse. There is also neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, which mostly affects premature infants, whose lungs are not fully developed and lack enough surfactant.

Symptoms of respiratory distress syndrome include rapid breathing, grunting, and flaring of the nostrils while breathing, as well as cyanosis (bluish color of the skin) and difficulty feeding. All forms of respiratory distress can lead to respiratory failure and death if not treated promptly. Treatment includes providing respiratory support, and administering surfactants, especially in neonatal respiratory syndrome. The use of corticosteroids before delivery may also be considered to improve lung function in some cases.