Video - Seizures: Pathology review

A seizure is a paroxysmal event due to abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in behavior, consciousness, or movement. A seizure shouldn't be confused with epilepsy, which is said when two or more unprovoked seizures occur. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder that predisposes the individual to have recurrent seizures, and can't be diagnosed based on a single episode of seizures alone.

Seizures can be classified into generalized and focal seizures. Generalized seizures arise from both cerebral hemispheres at the same time, and almost always cause a sudden impairment of consciousness; whereas focal seizures arise from specific areas in one cerebral hemisphere, and present as a dysfunction of the part of the body controlled by the affected part of the brain.

When evaluating an individual with seizures, it's first important to identify the possible trigger. Diagnostic tests such as a CBC (complete blood count), electrolytes, liver function tests, and glucose levels, must be done to reveal potential causes. An EEG (electroencephalography) can also be done to assess the type of seizure. Treatment for seizures may involve supportive therapy, treating the underlying causes when possible, and antiseizure medications to manage convulsions.