Video - Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

An arrhythmia is any disturbance in the rate, rhythm, site of origin, or conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse. Supraventricular arrhythmias are a group of cardiac arrhythmias that originate at or above the atrioventricular node and have a narrow QRS complex (<120 ms). Supraventricular arrhythmias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia.

Supraventricular arrhythmias can cause a patient's heart rate to become too fast (tachycardia) or too slow (bradycardia). They can also cause stasis of blood flow in the atrial compartment and increase the risk of clot formation, especially in the left atrial appendage. These clots can dislodge, and travel into the systemic circulation, causing potentially life-threatening pathologies like embolic strokes, acute limb ischemia, central retinal artery occlusion, or acute mesenteric ischemia.

Common symptoms seen in supraventricular arrhythmias include palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Treatment for these arrhythmias usually involves medications like beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, and other antiarrhythmic drugs; or procedures like electrical cardioversion and catheter ablation. In some cases, lifestyle modifications may be recommended to reduce the risk of developing arrhythmias.