Achalasia
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Achalasia
ETP Gastrointestinal System - HV
ETP Gastrointestinal System - HV
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the oral cavity (dentistry)
Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus
Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes
Development of the digestive system and body cavities
Development of the gastrointestinal system
Development of the teeth
Development of the tongue
Gallbladder histology
Esophagus histology
Stomach histology
Small intestine histology
Colon histology
Liver histology
Pancreas histology
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology of the teeth
Liver anatomy and physiology
Escherichia coli
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Enterobacter
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Clostridium perfringens
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Shigella
Norovirus
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Campylobacter jejuni
Bacteroides fragilis
Rotavirus
Enteric nervous system
Esophageal motility
Gastric motility
Gastrointestinal hormones
Chewing and swallowing
Carbohydrates and sugars
Fats and lipids
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Intestinal fluid balance
Pancreatic secretion
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Prebiotics and probiotics
Cleft lip and palate
Sialadenitis
Parotitis
Oral candidiasis
Aphthous ulcers
Ludwig angina
Warthin tumor
Oral cancer
Dental caries disease
Dental abscess
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Esophageal web
Esophagitis: Clinical
Barrett esophagus
Achalasia
Zenker diverticulum
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Esophageal cancer
Esophageal disorders: Clinical
Boerhaave syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Peptic ulcer
Helicobacter pylori
Gastritis
Peptic ulcers and stomach cancer: Clinical
Pyloric stenosis
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastroparesis
Gastric cancer
Gastroenteritis
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Celiac disease
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Tropical sprue
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Malabsorption: Clinical
Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review
Whipple's disease
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Appendicitis
Appendicitis: Clinical
Lactose intolerance
Protein losing enteropathy
Microscopic colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
Inflammatory bowel disease: Clinical
Bowel obstruction
Bowel obstruction: Clinical
Volvulus
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Gardner syndrome
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer: Clinical
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Clinical
Intestinal adhesions
Ischemic colitis
Peritonitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Abdominal hernias
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Hernias: Clinical
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Imperforate anus
Gastroschisis
Omphalocele
Meckel diverticulum
Intestinal atresia
Hirschsprung disease
Intestinal malrotation
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Intussusception
Anal conditions: Clinical
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Carcinoid syndrome
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Biliary atresia
Gilbert's syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Jaundice: Pathology review
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Clinical
Portal hypertension
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hemochromatosis
Wilson disease
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Cholestatic liver disease
Hepatocellular adenoma
Alcohol-associated liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Primary biliary cholangitis
Viral hepatitis
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Clinical
Autoimmune hepatitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Neonatal hepatitis
Reye syndrome
Benign liver tumors
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Gallstones
Gallstone ileus
Biliary colic
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallbladder carcinoma
Gallbladder disorders: Clinical
Cholangiocarcinoma
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatitis: Clinical
Pancreatic cancer
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Abdominal trauma: Clinical
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical
Pediatric gastrointestinal bleeding: Clinical
Abdominal pain: Clinical
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Laxatives and cathartics
Antidiarrheals
Acid reducing medications
Key Takeaways
Achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus in which the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax. This interferes with the normal movement of food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. The main symptoms are difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and regurgitation of food or liquid. These symptoms may get worse over time. Achalasia can also cause chest pain, heartburn, and problems with breathing.
The diagnostic workup of achalasia may involve esophageal manometry, upper GI endoscopy, and esophageal barium swallow. The treatment can require surgery to correct the defect or pneumatic dilation in which a balloon can be used to dilate narrowed segments of the esophagus. Achalasia