Medical Library: Extensive Resources for MD Students | Osmosis
Simplify your studying and become an Osmosis Plan member today! Access thousands of videos with comprehensive, easy-to-understand coverage from Pathology, Physiology, and Pharmacology, to Clinical decision-making. New expert-reviewed videos added every week!
Topics
Basic Sciences /Foundational Sciences
Anatomy
Introduction to anatomy
Anatomical terminology
Introduction to the cardiovascular system
Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Introduction to the muscular system
Introduction to the skeletal system
Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Abdomen
Gross anatomy
Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the inguinal region
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Back
Brain
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the basal ganglia
Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain
Anatomy of the brainstem
Anatomy of the cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses
Anatomy of the diencephalon
Anatomy of the limbic system
Anatomy of the ventricular system
Anatomy of the white matter tracts
Cranial nerves
Gross anatomy
Introduction to the cranial nerves
Cranial nerve pathways
Anatomy of the olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)
Anatomy of the spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Head
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the cranial base
Anatomy of the external and middle ear
Anatomy of the eye
Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa
Anatomy of the inner ear
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the oral cavity
Anatomy of the orbit
Anatomy of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa
Anatomy of the salivary glands
Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication
Anatomy of the tongue
Bones of the cranium
Muscles of the face and scalp
Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp
Lower limb
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the anterior and medial thigh
Anatomy of the foot
Anatomy of the hip joint
Anatomy of the knee joint
Anatomy of the leg
Anatomy of the popliteal fossa
Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints
Bones of the lower limb
Joints of the ankle and foot
Muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Neck
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the larynx and trachea
Anatomy of the lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus
Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Bones of the neck
Deep structures of the neck: Prevertebral muscles
Deep structures of the neck: Root of the neck
Fascia and spaces of the neck
Superficial structures of the neck: Anterior triangle
Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus
Superficial structures of the neck: Posterior triangle
Pelvis and perineum
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the pelvic cavity
Anatomy of the pelvic girdle
Anatomy of the perineum
Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis
Arteries and veins of the pelvis
Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Thorax
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the breast
Anatomy of the coronary circulation
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the pleura
Anatomy of the superior mediastinum
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Upper limb
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the arm
Anatomy of the axilla
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Anatomy of the elbow joint
Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint
Anatomy of the pectoral and scapular regions
Anatomy of the radioulnar joints
Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
Bones of the upper limb
Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb
Joints of the wrist and hand
Muscles of the forearm
Muscles of the hand
Vessels and nerves of the forearm
Vessels and nerves of the hand
Behavioral health
Psychological disorders
Anxiety disorders
Agoraphobia
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Disorders originating in infancy or childhood
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Encopresis
Enuresis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Learning disability
Rett syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Eating disorders and impulse-control disorders
Impulse-control disorders
Body focused repetitive disorders
Factitious disorders
Factitious disorder
Medication-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of medication
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
Mood disorders
Bipolar and related disorders
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Suicide
Neurocognitive disorders
Alzheimer disease
Amnesia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Delirium
Dissociative disorders
Frontotemporal dementia
Huntington disease
Lewy body dementia
Parkinson disease
Vascular dementia
Personality disorders
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders
Psychotic disorders
Delusional disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform disorder
Sexual disorders and gender dysphoria
Substance use disorders
Alcohol use disorder
Cannabis dependence
Cocaine dependence
Opioid dependence
Tobacco dependence
Psychological disorders review
Disorders originating in infancy or childhood
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders and impulse-control disorders
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Mood disorders
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Personality disorders
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Psychosocial disorders or behaviors
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Substance use disorders
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antidepressants
Atypical antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Anxiolytics and hypnotics
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Psychomotor stimulants
Psychomotor stimulants
Biochemistry and nutrition
Biochemistry
Biochemistry and metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Physiological changes during exercise
Fat and cholesterol metabolism
Cholesterol metabolism
Fatty acid oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis
Ketone body metabolism
Metabolic disorders
Amino acid metabolism disorders
Alkaptonuria
Cystinuria (NORD)
Hartnup disease
Homocystinuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Carbohydrate metabolism disorders
Essential fructosuria
Galactosemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Lactose intolerance
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glycogen storage diseases
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Lysosomal storage disorders: Mucopolysaccharidoses
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Lysosomal storage disorders: Sphingolipidoses
Fabry disease (NORD)
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Other lysosomal storage disorders
Cystinosis
Metabolic disorders review
Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of fatty acid metabolism: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review
Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review
Nutrition
Nutritional disorders
Fat soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity
Excess Vitamin A
Excess Vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency
Water soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity
Beriberi
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Nutritional disorders review
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B1-B7: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B9, B12 and vitamin C: Pathology review
Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review
Biostatistics, epidemiology, population health, and interpretation of the medical literature
Introduction to biostatistics
Epidemiology and population health
Composite health status indicators and measures of population impact
DALY and QALY
Disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and communicable disease transmission
Disease surveillance
Modes of infectious disease transmission
Outbreak investigations
Vaccination and herd immunity
Measures of disease frequency
Incidence and prevalence
Points of intervention
Prevention
Survival analysis interpretation
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis
Study design, types, and selection of studies
Case-control study
Clinical trials
Cohort study
Cross sectional study
Ecologic study
Placebo effect and masking
Randomized control trial
Sample size
Study designs
Measures of association
Distributions of data
Normal distribution and z-scores
Range, variance, and standard deviation
Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)
Correlation and regression
Principles of testing and screening
Probability
Positive and negative predictive value
Sensitivity and specificity
Test precision and accuracy
Study interpretation and drawing conclusions from data
Bias, confounding, and threats to validity
Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies
Bias in performing clinical studies
Confounding
Information bias
Interaction
Selection bias
Causation
Disease causality
Cellular and molecular biology
Cellular biology
Cellular biology
Cell membrane
Cell signaling pathways
Cell-cell junctions
Cellular structure and function
Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Extracellular matrix
Nernst equation
Osmosis
Resting membrane potential
Selective permeability of the cell membrane
Disorders of cellular biology
Cytoskeleton, collagen and elastin disorders
Alport syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Vitamin C deficiency
Disorders of cellular biology review
Collagen disorders: Pathology review
Cytoskeleton and elastin disorders: Pathology review
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Molecular biology
Molecular biology
Amino acids and protein folding
Cell cycle
DNA damage and repair
DNA mutations
DNA replication
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Gene regulation
Lac operon
Mitosis and meiosis
Nuclear structure
Nucleotide metabolism
Protein structure and synthesis
Transcription of DNA
Translation of mRNA
Laboratory techniques
DNA cloning
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing
Karyotyping
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
Disorders of molecular biology
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Orotic aciduria
DNA replication and repair disorders
Bloom syndrome
Fanconi anemia
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
McCune-Albright syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum
DNA damage
Acute radiation syndrome
Disorders of molecular biology review
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review
Embryology
Early development
Weeks 1-4
Human development days 1-4
Human development days 4-7
Human development week 2
Human development week 3
Organ system development
Eyes, ears, nose, and throat
Development of the ear
Development of the eye
Development of the face and palate
Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts
Gastrointestinal system
Development of the digestive system and body cavities
Development of the gastrointestinal system
Development of the teeth
Development of the tongue
Integumentary system
Development of the integumentary system
Musculoskeletal system
Development of the axial skeleton
Development of the limbs
Development of the muscular system
Nervous system
Development of the nervous system
Renal system
Development of the renal system
Reproductive system
Development of the reproductive system
Respiratory system
Development of the respiratory system
Genetics
Molecular biology
Molecular biology
Amino acids and protein folding
Cell cycle
DNA damage and repair
DNA mutations
DNA replication
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Gene regulation
Lac operon
Mitosis and meiosis
Nuclear structure
Nucleotide metabolism
Protein structure and synthesis
Transcription of DNA
Translation of mRNA
Laboratory techniques
DNA cloning
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing
Karyotyping
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
Disorders of molecular biology
DNA damage
Acute radiation syndrome
DNA replication and repair disorders
Bloom syndrome
Fanconi anemia
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
McCune-Albright syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Orotic aciduria
Disorders of molecular biology review
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review
Genetics
Population genetics
Evolution and natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Inheritance patterns
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Genetic disorders
Autosomal dominant disorders
Achondroplasia
Alagille syndrome (NORD)
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntington disease
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Autosomal recessive disorders
Albinism
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
Friedreich ataxia
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Hemochromatosis
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Polycystic kidney disease
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Wilson disease
Mitochondrial genetic disorders
Mitochondrial myopathy
Trinucleotide repeat expansion disorders
Fragile X syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Huntington disease
Myotonic dystrophy
X-linked recessive disorders
Fabry disease (NORD)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemophilia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Muscular dystrophy
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Histology
Introduction to histology
Organ system histology
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Blood histology
Cardiovascular system
Arteriole, venule and capillary histology
Artery and vein histology
Cardiac muscle histology
Endocrine system
Adrenal gland histology
Pancreas histology
Pituitary gland histology
Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology
Gastrointestinal system
Colon histology
Esophagus histology
Gallbladder histology
Liver histology
Pancreas histology
Small intestine histology
Stomach histology
Nervous system and special senses
Eye and ear histology
Central nervous system histology
Peripheral nervous system histology
Reproductive system and breast
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Cervix and vagina histology
Fallopian tube and uterus histology
Mammary gland histology
Ovary histology
Male and transgender reproductive system
Penis histology
Prostate gland histology
Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology
Respiratory system
Bronchioles and alveoli histology
Nasal cavity and larynx histology
Trachea and bronchi histology
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Skin histology
Microbiology
Bacteriology
Introduction to bacteria
Bacterial structure and functions
Gram positive bacteria
Aerobic rods
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Listeria monocytogenes
Anaerobic rods
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Streptococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Streptococcus viridans
Other gram positive cocci
Enterococcus
Gram negative bacteria
Rods
Bacteroides fragilis
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Enterobacter
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Serratia marcescens
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycology
Cutaneous fungal infections
Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)
Parasitology
Protozoa
Central nervous system infections
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Other protozoal infections
Leishmania
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
Worms
Nematodes (roundworms)
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)
Anisakis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)
Loa loa (Eye worm)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)
Virology
Introduction to viruses
Viral structure and functions
DNA viruses
Adenoviruses
Adenovirus
Herpesviruses
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Herpes simplex virus
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Varicella zoster virus
Papillomaviruses
Human papillomavirus
Parvoviruses
Parvovirus B19
RNA viruses
Bunyaviruses
Hantavirus
Caliciviruses
Norovirus
Delta virus
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Filoviruses
Ebola virus
Orthomyxoviruses
Influenza virus
Reoviruses
Rotavirus
Rhabdoviruses
Rabies virus
Prions and virioids
Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)
Pharmacology
Antibiotics
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Pathology
Biology of tissue response to disease
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias
Hemolytic normocytic anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary spherocytosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Microcytic anemia
Alpha-thalassemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Beta-thalassemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anemia
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Coagulation disorders (hypercoaguable and hypocoaguable conditions)
Coagulation factor disorders (hypercoaguable)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Antithrombin III deficiency
Factor V Leiden
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Mixed platelet and coagulation factor disorders
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Von Willebrand disease
Infectious and immunologic disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Neoplasms
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis (NORD)
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Myelodysplastic syndromes
Essential thrombocythemia (NORD)
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Myeloproliferative disorders
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelofibrosis (NORD)
Polycythemia vera (NORD)
Traumatic, mechanical, and vascular disorders
Blood and lymphoreticular system pathology review
Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders (hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable conditions)
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review
Cardiovascular system
Congenital disorders
Acyanotic congenital heart defects
Atrial septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Diseases of the myocardium
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Dysrhythmias
Pulseless electrical activity
Pulseless electrical activity
Hypertension
Coarctation of the aorta
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hypertension
Hypertensive emergency
Pheochromocytoma
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal artery stenosis
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Arterial disease
Ischemic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Coronary steal syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Prinzmetal angina
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Shock
Shock
Valvular heart disease
Aortic valve disease
Mitral valve disease
Pulmonary valve disease
Tricuspid valve disease
Vascular disorders
Peripheral arterial vascular disease
Peripheral artery disease
Cardiovascular system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Diseases of the myocardium
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Diseases of the pericardium
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Dysrhythmias
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart failure
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypertension
Hypertension: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Ischemic heart disease
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Vascular disorders
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Other disorders
Shock: Pathology review
Endocrine system
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal cortex disorders
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal gland
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Pheochromocytoma
Congenital disorders
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kallmann syndrome
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas
Hypoglycemia and islet cell disorders
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Other neuroendocrine tumors of the endocrine pancreas
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Pituitary disorders
Hypopituitarism
Constitutional growth delay
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypopituitarism
Hypoprolactinemia
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Posterior pituitary gland disorders
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Thyroid gland disorders
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Thyroid storm
Toxic multinodular goiter
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal system
Congenital disorders
Biliary atresia
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Intestinal atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Meckel diverticulum
Omphalocele
Pyloric stenosis
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Disorders of the liver and biliary system
Biliary system
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Biliary colic
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallstones
Liver
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cholestatic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome
Hemochromatosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatitis
Jaundice
Neonatal hepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Portal hypertension
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Reye syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Wilson disease
Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus
Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus
Small intestine and colon
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Gallstone ileus
Gastroenteritis
Hirschsprung disease
Intussusception
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ischemic colitis
Lactose intolerance
Microscopic colitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Protein losing enteropathy
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Tropical sprue
Volvulus
Whipple's disease
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Infectious disorders
Gastroenteritis
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune hepatitis
Celiac disease
Crohn disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Ulcerative colitis
Neoplasms
Biliary system
Gallbladder cancer
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Neuroendocrine tumors
Carcinoid syndrome
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pancreas
Pancreatic cancer
Small intestine and colon
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Stomach
Gastric cancer
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Abdominal hernias
Boerhaave syndrome
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Intestinal adhesions
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of the liver and biliary system
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Disorders of the pancreas
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Signs, symptoms, and ill-defined disorders
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Immune system
Disorders associated with immunodeficiency
Asplenia
Asplenia
B-cell disorders
Common variable immunodeficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
IgG subclass deficiency
Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Combined B-cell and T-cell disorders
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Hyper IgM syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Phagocyte and natural killer cell dysfunction
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
HIV and AIDS
HIV (AIDS)
Immunologically mediated disorders
Transplantation
Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)
Graft-versus-host disease
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)
Transplant rejection
Type II hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Goodpasture syndrome
Graves disease
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Immune thrombocytopenia
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Rheumatic heart disease
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity reactions
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Serum sickness
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
Contact dermatitis
Graft-versus-host disease
Type IV hypersensitivity
Immune system pathology review
Disorders associated with immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Immunologically mediated disorders
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Musculoskeletal system
Congenital disorders
Achondroplasia
Arthrogryposis
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Club foot
Craniosynostosis
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Flat feet
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Mitochondrial myopathy
Muscular dystrophy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pectus excavatum
Pigeon toe
Degenerative and metabolic disorders
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of bone, tendon, and cartilage
Degenerative disc disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Paget disease of bone
Spinal disc herniation
Spinal stenosis
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Spondylosis
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of joints
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of muscles, ligaments, and fascia
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic disorders
Ankylosing spondylitis
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Dermatomyositis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
Mixed connective tissue disease
Polymyositis
Psoriatic arthritis
Raynaud phenomenon
Reactive arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
Sjogren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Lower limb
Achilles tendon rupture
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Meniscus tear
Patellar tendon rupture
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Sprained ankle
Unhappy triad
Peripheral nerve or plexus injury or disorders
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Other disorders
Fibromyalgia
Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Congenital, degenerative, and metabolic disorders
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Neoplasms
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Back pain: Pathology review
Nervous system and special senses
Cerebrovascular disease
Intracranial and intracerebral hemorrhages
Epidural hematoma
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Congenital disorders
Aqueductal stenosis
Cerebral palsy
Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation
Friedreich ataxia
Neurofibromatosis
Septo-optic dysplasia
Spina bifida
Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Tethered spinal cord syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Cranial and peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve or plexus injury or disorders
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Degenerative disorders or amnesic syndromes
Alzheimer disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy body dementia
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Vascular dementia
Demyelinating disorders
Disorders relating to the spine, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Neurogenic bladder
Syringomyelia
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Global cerebral dysfunction
Delirium
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Thymoma
Transverse myelitis
Metabolic disorders
Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)
Movement disorders
Essential tremor
Huntington disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Parkinson disease
Restless legs syndrome
Torticollis
Neuromuscular disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Myotonic dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
Paroxysmal disorders
Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increased intracranial pressure
Brain herniation
Concussion and traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Disorders of the ear
Disorders of balance and spatial orientation
Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)
Labyrinthitis
Meniere disease
Vertigo
Hearing loss or deafness
Conductive hearing loss
Disorders of the eye and eyelid
Disorders of the retina
Age-related macular degeneration
Color blindness
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal detachment
Retinopathy of prematurity
Infectious and inflammatory disorders of the eye
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulcer
Hordeolum (stye)
Keratitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis
Uveitis
Neoplasms
Retinoblastoma
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Cortical blindness
Hemianopsia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Nervous system and special senses pathology review
Adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Degenerative disorders or amnesic syndromes and global cerebral dysfunction
Dementia: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Disorders of the eye and eyelid
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of the ear
Vertigo: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Metabolic disorders
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular disorders
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Sleep disorders
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increaed intracranial pressure
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Renal and urinary system
Congenital disorders
Bladder exstrophy
Horseshoe kidney
Hydronephrosis
Hypospadias and epispadias
Potter sequence
Renal agenesis
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders: Nephritic syndromes
Alport syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders: Nephrotic syndromes
Amyloidosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
Neoplasms
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Neurogenic bladder
Posterior urethral valves
Urinary incontinence
Vesicoureteral reflux
Other disorders
Renal and urinary system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Reproductive system and breast
Disorders of puberty, sex chromosomes, and sex hormones
Disorders of sex chromosomes and hormones
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Breast
Breast cancer
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Mastitis
Paget disease of the breast
Phyllodes tumor
Fertility and infertility
Turner syndrome
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Endometritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Menstrual and endocrine disorders
Amenorrhea
Endometriosis
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premature ovarian failure
Male and transgender reproductive system
Male reproductive system: Congenital disorders
Bladder exstrophy
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias and epispadias
Male reproductive system: Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Male reproductive system: Metabolic and regulatory disorders including sexual dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Male reproductive system: Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Priapism
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Obstetric complications
Cervical incompetence
Chorioamnionitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Gestational hypertension
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Intrauterine growth restriction
Miscarriage
Oligohydramnios
Placenta accreta
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Labor and delivery
Preterm labor
Puerperium (including complications)
Postpartum hemorrhage
Newborn (birth to 4 weeks of age)
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital syphilis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal sepsis
Adverse effects of drugs on pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Reproductive system and breast pathology review
Female reproductive system
Amenorrhea: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Male reproductive system
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Respiratory system
Congenital disorders
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the lower airways
Pneumonia
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the upper airways
Allergic rhinitis
Bacterial epiglottitis
Bacterial tracheitis
Croup
Laryngitis
Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses
Sinusitis
Upper respiratory tract infection
Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders
Cyanide poisoning
Decompression sickness
Methemoglobinemia
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Neoplasms
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Nasal polyps
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oral cancer
Pancoast tumor
Superior vena cava syndrome
Obstructive airway disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
Emphysema
Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing, and restrictive pulmonary disorders or interstitial lung disease
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders
Adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Neonatal acute respiratory disorders
Apnea of prematurity
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary vascular disorders
Pulmonary hypertension
Traumatic or mechanical disorders
Lower airways and pleura
Sleep apnea
Respiratory system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall and traumatic and mechanical disorders
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive airway disease
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing, and restrictive pulmonary disorders or interstitial lung disease
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Congenital disorders
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Vitiligo
Papulosquamous and inflammatory disorders
Contact dermatitis
Lichen planus
Psoriasis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Urticaria, erythema, exanthema, and purpura
Atopic dermatitis
Erythema multiforme
Pityriasis rosea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Urticaria
Integumentary disorders
Disorders of the nails
Onychomycosis
Neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms
Skin cancer
Oral disease
Aphthous ulcers
Skin and subcutaneous tissue pathology review
Disorders of pigmentation
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Integumentary disorders (hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, oral mucous membranes)
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes
Introduction
Introduction to pharmacology
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme function
Drug administration
Drug administration and dosing regimens
Autonomic medications
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Behavioral health
Antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Atypical antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Anxiolytics and hypnotics
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Psychomotor stimulants
Psychomotor stimulants
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Antimalarials
Antimalarials
Cancer medications
Anti-tumor antibiotics
Antimetabolites for cancer treatment
DNA alkylating medications
Microtubule inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies
Platinum containing medications
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Hematopoietic medications
Hematopoietic medications
Cardiovascular system
Antianginals
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Antiarrhythmics
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Lipid-lowering medications
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Positive inotropic medications
Positive inotropic medications
Endocrine system
Adrenal gland medications
Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Gastrointestinal system
Immune system
Antiretroviral medications
Integrase and entry inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Protease inhibitors
Other immune system medications
Glucocorticoids
Microbiology
Antibiotics
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Musculoskeletal system
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Glucocorticoids
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Anti-rheumatic medications
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Antigout medications
Antigout medications
Osteoporosis medications
Osteoporosis medications
Nervous system and special senses
Anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Antispasmodics
Migraine medications
Autonomic medications
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Migraine medications
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Neurodegenerative disease medications
Parkinson disease
Anti-parkinson medications
Other neurodegenerative diseases
Medications for neurodegenerative diseases
Renal and urinary system
Chronic kidney disease medications
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Reproductive system and breast
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Androgens and antiandrogens
Aromatase inhibitors
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Progestins and antiprogestins
Uterine stimulants and relaxants
Male and transgender reproductive system
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Respiratory system
Allergy medications
Antihistamines for allergies
Asthma and COPD medications
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Influenza medications
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Tuberculosis medications
Antituberculosis medications
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Anti-mite and louse medications
Glucocorticoids
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Toxicology
Environmental and chemical toxicities
Arsenic poisoning
Cyanide poisoning
Ethylene glycol poisoning
Lead poisoning
Mercury poisoning
Methemoglobinemia
Medication toxicities and overdoses
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Paracetamol toxicity
Serotonin syndrome
Physiology
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Blood components
Blood components
Blood groups and transfusions
Blood groups and transfusions
Hemostasis
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Role of Vitamin K in coagulation
RBC production
Erythropoietin
Cardiovascular system
Anatomy and physiology
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology
Coronary circulation
Cardiac cycle and pressure-volume loops
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Pressure-volume loops
Cardiac output
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiovascular physiological responses
Physiological changes during exercise
Cardiovascular changes during hemorrhage
Cardiovascular changes during postural change
Electrocardiography
Hemodynamics
Autoregulation of blood flow
Control of blood flow circulation
Capillary fluid exchange
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Endocrine system
Anatomy and physiology
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Hypothalamic hormones
Hunger and satiety
Pituitary gland hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Oxytocin and prolactin
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands and calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Vitamin D
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones
Gastrointestinal system
Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology of the teeth
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Liver anatomy and physiology
Digestion and absorption
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Carbohydrates and sugars
Chewing and swallowing
Fats and lipids
Intestinal fluid balance
Pancreatic secretion
Prebiotics and probiotics
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrointestinal hormones
Immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Adaptive immune system
MHC complexes
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Contraction of the immune response
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccines
Vaccinations
Cytokines
Cytokines
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Musculoskeletal system
Neuromuscular system
Brachial plexus
Muscle contraction
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Muscular system anatomy and physiology
Neuromuscular junction and motor unit
Sliding filament model of muscle contraction
Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers
Skeletal system, cartilage, and joints
Bone remodeling and repair
Cartilage structure and growth
Fibrous, cartilage, and synovial joints
Skeletal system anatomy and physiology
Nervous system and special senses
Anatomy and physiology
Ascending and descending spinal tracts
Blood brain barrier
Cerebral circulation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Neuron action potential
Autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Somatic nervous system
Special senses
Gustatory sensation
Taste and the tongue
Olfactory sensation
Olfactory transduction and pathways
Renal and urinary system
Acid-base physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Fluid compartments and homeostasis
Body fluid compartments
Hydration
Movement of water between body compartments
Renal clearance, glomerular filtration, and renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
Renal clearance
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Renal electrolyte regulation
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Sodium homeostasis
Renal sodium and water regulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Free water clearance
Kidney countercurrent multiplication
Osmoregulation
Sodium homeostasis
Renal tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Tubular secretion of PAH
Urea recycling
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Reproductive system and breast
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Estrogen and progesterone
Menopause
Menstrual cycle
Puberty and Tanner staging
Male and transgender reproductive system
Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system
Puberty and Tanner staging
Testosterone
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Respiratory system
Airflow and gas exchange
Airflow, pressure, and resistance
Alveolar gas equation
Boyle's law
Breathing cycle and regulation
Dalton's law
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Fick's laws of diffusion
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Graham's law
Henry's law
Ideal (general) gas law
Breathing mechanics
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Gas transport
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Physiologic adaptations of the respiratory system
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Basic Sciences /Organ Systems
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Histology
Microbiology
Parasitic
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Babesia
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plasmodium species (Malaria)
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Primary infections of lymphoid tissue
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Pathology
Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias
Hemolytic normocytic anemia
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary spherocytosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Microcytic anemia
Alpha-thalassemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Beta-thalassemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anemia
Non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Coagulation disorders (hypercoaguable and hypocoaguable conditions)
Coagulation factor disorders (hypercoaguable)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Antithrombin III deficiency
Factor V Leiden
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Mixed platelet and coagulation factor disorders
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Von Willebrand disease
Infectious and immunologic disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Neoplasms
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Mastocytosis
Mastocytosis (NORD)
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Myelodysplastic syndromes
Essential thrombocythemia (NORD)
Dysplastic and proliferative disorders: Myeloproliferative disorders
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelofibrosis (NORD)
Polycythemia vera (NORD)
Traumatic, mechanical, and vascular disorders
Blood and lymphoreticular system pathology review
Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders (hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable conditions)
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Antimalarials
Antimalarials
Cancer medications
Anti-tumor antibiotics
Antimetabolites for cancer treatment
DNA alkylating medications
Microtubule inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies
Platinum containing medications
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Hematopoietic medications
Hematopoietic medications
Physiology
Blood components
Blood components
Blood groups and transfusions
Blood groups and transfusions
Hemostasis
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Role of Vitamin K in coagulation
RBC production
Erythropoietin
Cardiovascular system
Anatomy
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Acyanotic congenital heart defects
Atrial septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Diseases of the myocardium
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Dysrhythmias
Pulseless electrical activity
Pulseless electrical activity
Hypertension
Coarctation of the aorta
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hypertension
Hypertensive emergency
Pheochromocytoma
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal artery stenosis
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Arterial disease
Ischemic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Coronary steal syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Prinzmetal angina
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Shock
Shock
Valvular heart disease
Aortic valve disease
Mitral valve disease
Pulmonary valve disease
Tricuspid valve disease
Vascular disorders
Peripheral arterial vascular disease
Peripheral artery disease
Cardiovascular system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Diseases of the myocardium
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Diseases of the pericardium
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Dysrhythmias
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart failure
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypertension
Hypertension: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Ischemic heart disease
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antianginals
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Antiarrhythmics
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Lipid-lowering medications
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Positive inotropic medications
Positive inotropic medications
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology
Coronary circulation
Cardiac cycle and pressure-volume loops
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Pressure-volume loops
Cardiac output
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiovascular physiological responses
Physiological changes during exercise
Cardiovascular changes during hemorrhage
Cardiovascular changes during postural change
Electrocardiography
Hemodynamics
Autoregulation of blood flow
Control of blood flow circulation
Capillary fluid exchange
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Endocrine system
Anatomy
Embryology
Histology
Adrenal gland histology
Pancreas histology
Pituitary gland histology
Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology
Pathology
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal cortex disorders
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neuroendocrine tumors of the adrenal gland
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Pheochromocytoma
Congenital disorders
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kallmann syndrome
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas
Hypoglycemia and islet cell disorders
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Other neuroendocrine tumors of the endocrine pancreas
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Neuroendocrine tumors
Carcinoid syndrome
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pituitary disorders
Hypopituitarism
Constitutional growth delay
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypopituitarism
Hypoprolactinemia
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Posterior pituitary gland disorders
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Thyroid gland disorders
Hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Thyroid storm
Toxic multinodular goiter
Hypothyroidism and thyroiditis
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Thyroid cancer
Other disorders
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Endocrine system pathology review
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Adrenal gland medications
Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Hypothalamic hormones
Hunger and satiety
Pituitary gland hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Oxytocin and prolactin
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Parathyroid glands and calcium homeostasis
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Vitamin D
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormones
Gastrointestinal system
Anatomy
Gross anatomy
Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the inguinal region
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy of the oral cavity
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus
Anatomy of the salivary glands
Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication
Anatomy of the tongue
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Embryology
Development of the digestive system and body cavities
Development of the gastrointestinal system
Development of the teeth
Development of the tongue
Histology
Colon histology
Esophagus histology
Gallbladder histology
Liver histology
Pancreas histology
Small intestine histology
Stomach histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori
Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Fungal
Candida
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Biliary atresia
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Intestinal atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Meckel diverticulum
Omphalocele
Pyloric stenosis
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Disorders of the liver and biliary system
Biliary system
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Biliary colic
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallstones
Liver
Alcohol-induced liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cholestatic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome
Hemochromatosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatitis
Jaundice
Neonatal hepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Portal hypertension
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Reye syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Wilson disease
Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus
Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus
Small intestine and colon
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Gallstone ileus
Gastroenteritis
Hirschsprung disease
Intussusception
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ischemic colitis
Lactose intolerance
Microscopic colitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Protein losing enteropathy
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Tropical sprue
Volvulus
Whipple's disease
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Infectious disorders
Gastroenteritis
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune hepatitis
Celiac disease
Crohn disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Ulcerative colitis
Neoplasms
Biliary system
Gallbladder cancer
Esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Neuroendocrine tumors
Carcinoid syndrome
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Pancreas
Pancreatic cancer
Small intestine and colon
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Stomach
Gastric cancer
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Abdominal hernias
Boerhaave syndrome
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Intestinal adhesions
Gastrointestinal system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of the liver and biliary system
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Disorders of the pancreas
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Signs, symptoms, and ill-defined disorders
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Anatomy and physiology of the teeth
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Liver anatomy and physiology
Digestion and absorption
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Carbohydrates and sugars
Chewing and swallowing
Fats and lipids
Intestinal fluid balance
Pancreatic secretion
Prebiotics and probiotics
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrointestinal hormones
Immune system
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Histology
Microbiology
Viral
HIV (AIDS)
Pathology
Disorders associated with immunodeficiency
Asplenia
Asplenia
B-cell disorders
Common variable immunodeficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
IgG subclass deficiency
Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Combined B-cell and T-cell disorders
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Hyper IgM syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Phagocyte and natural killer cell dysfunction
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
HIV and AIDS
HIV (AIDS)
Immunologically mediated disorders
Transplantation
Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)
Graft-versus-host disease
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)
Transplant rejection
Type II hypersensitivity reactions
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Goodpasture syndrome
Graves disease
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Immune thrombocytopenia
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Rheumatic heart disease
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity reactions
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Serum sickness
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions
Contact dermatitis
Graft-versus-host disease
Type IV hypersensitivity
Immune system pathology review
Disorders associated with immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Immunologically mediated disorders
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antiretroviral medications
Integrase and entry inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Protease inhibitors
Other immune system medications
Glucocorticoids
Physiology
Introduction to the immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Adaptive immune system
MHC complexes
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Contraction of the immune response
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccines
Vaccinations
Cytokines
Cytokines
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Musculoskeletal system
Anatomy
Abdomen
Back
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the suboccipital region
Bones of the vertebral column
Joints of the vertebral column
Muscles of the back
Vessels and nerves of the vertebral column
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Lower limb
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the anterior and medial thigh
Anatomy of the foot
Anatomy of the hip joint
Anatomy of the knee joint
Anatomy of the leg
Anatomy of the popliteal fossa
Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints
Bones of the lower limb
Joints of the ankle and foot
Muscles of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Neck
Gross anatomy
Bones of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Upper limb
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the arm
Anatomy of the axilla
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Anatomy of the elbow joint
Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint
Anatomy of the pectoral and scapular regions
Anatomy of the radioulnar joints
Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
Bones of the upper limb
Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb
Joints of the wrist and hand
Muscles of the forearm
Muscles of the hand
Vessels and nerves of the forearm
Vessels and nerves of the hand
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Achondroplasia
Arthrogryposis
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Club foot
Craniosynostosis
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Flat feet
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Mitochondrial myopathy
Muscular dystrophy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pectus excavatum
Pigeon toe
Degenerative and metabolic disorders
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of bone, tendon, and cartilage
Degenerative disc disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Paget disease of bone
Spinal disc herniation
Spinal stenosis
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Spondylosis
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of joints
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative or metabolic disorders of muscles, ligaments, and fascia
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic disorders
Ankylosing spondylitis
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Dermatomyositis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
Mixed connective tissue disease
Polymyositis
Psoriatic arthritis
Raynaud phenomenon
Reactive arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
Sjogren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Neurologic pain syndromes
Fibromyalgia
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Lower limb
Achilles tendon rupture
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Meniscus tear
Patellar tendon rupture
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Sprained ankle
Unhappy triad
Peripheral nerve or plexus injury or disorders
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Musculoskeletal system pathology review
Congenital, degenerative, and metabolic disorders
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Neoplasms
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Back pain: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Glucocorticoids
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Anti-rheumatic medications
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Antigout medications
Antigout medications
Osteoporosis medications
Osteoporosis medications
Physiology
Neuromuscular system
Brachial plexus
Muscle contraction
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Muscular system anatomy and physiology
Neuromuscular junction and motor unit
Sliding filament model of muscle contraction
Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers
Skeletal system, cartilage, and joints
Bone remodeling and repair
Cartilage structure and growth
Fibrous, cartilage, and synovial joints
Skeletal system anatomy and physiology
Nervous system and special senses
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems
Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Brain
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the basal ganglia
Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain
Anatomy of the brainstem
Anatomy of the cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Anatomy of the cranial base
Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses
Anatomy of the diencephalon
Anatomy of the limbic system
Anatomy of the ventricular system
Anatomy of the white matter tracts
Bones of the cranium
Cranial nerves
Gross anatomy
Introduction to the cranial nerves
Cranial nerve pathways
Anatomy of the olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy of the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy of the facial nerve (CN VII)
Anatomy of the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Anatomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)
Anatomy of the spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Peripheral nerves
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the brachial plexus
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Spinal cord
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the ascending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy of the descending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy of the vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Head
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the cranial base
Anatomy of the external and middle ear
Anatomy of the eye
Anatomy of the infratemporal fossa
Anatomy of the inner ear
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the oral cavity
Anatomy of the orbit
Anatomy of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) fossa
Anatomy of the salivary glands
Anatomy of the tongue
Bones of the cranium
Muscles of the face and scalp
Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp
Neck
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the lymphatics of the neck
Deep structures of the neck: Root of the neck
Fascia and spaces of the neck
Superficial structures of the neck: Anterior triangle
Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus
Superficial structures of the neck: Posterior triangle
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Embryology
Development of the nervous system
Development of the ear
Development of the eye
Development of the face and palate
Development of the tongue
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Actinomyces israelii
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Haemophilus influenzae
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Neisseria meningitidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Parasitic
Acanthamoeba
Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)
Loa loa (Eye worm)
Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Viral
Adenovirus
Coxsackievirus
Cytomegalovirus
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus
Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Herpes simplex virus
HIV (AIDS)
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Poliovirus
Rabies virus
Varicella zoster virus
West Nile virus
Pathology
Cerebrovascular disease
Intracranial and intracerebral hemorrhages
Epidural hematoma
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Congenital disorders
Aqueductal stenosis
Cerebral palsy
Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation
Friedreich ataxia
Neurofibromatosis
Septo-optic dysplasia
Spina bifida
Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Tethered spinal cord syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Cranial and peripheral nerve disorders
Peripheral nerve or plexus injury or disorders
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Degenerative disorders or amnesic syndromes
Alzheimer disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Frontotemporal dementia
Lewy body dementia
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Vascular dementia
Demyelinating disorders
Disorders relating to the spine, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Neurogenic bladder
Syringomyelia
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Global cerebral dysfunction
Delirium
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Thymoma
Transverse myelitis
Metabolic disorders
Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)
Movement disorders
Essential tremor
Huntington disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Parkinson disease
Restless legs syndrome
Torticollis
Neuromuscular disorders
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Myotonic dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
Paroxysmal disorders
Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increased intracranial pressure
Brain herniation
Concussion and traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Disorders of the ear
Disorders of balance and spatial orientation
Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)
Labyrinthitis
Meniere disease
Vertigo
Hearing loss or deafness
Conductive hearing loss
Disorders of the eye and eyelid
Disorders of the retina
Age-related macular degeneration
Color blindness
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal detachment
Retinopathy of prematurity
Infectious and inflammatory disorders of the eye
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulcer
Hordeolum (stye)
Keratitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis
Uveitis
Neoplasms
Retinoblastoma
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Cortical blindness
Hemianopsia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Nervous system and special senses pathology review
Adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Degenerative disorders or amnesic syndromes and global cerebral dysfunction
Dementia: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Disorders of the eye and eyelid
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of the ear
Vertigo: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Metabolic disorders
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular disorders
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Sleep disorders
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increaed intracranial pressure
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Antispasmodics
Migraine medications
Autonomic medications
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Migraine medications
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Neurodegenerative disease medications
Parkinson disease
Anti-parkinson medications
Other neurodegenerative diseases
Medications for neurodegenerative diseases
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Ascending and descending spinal tracts
Blood brain barrier
Cerebral circulation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Neuron action potential
Autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Somatic nervous system
Renal and urinary system
Anatomy
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Bladder exstrophy
Horseshoe kidney
Hydronephrosis
Hypospadias and epispadias
Potter sequence
Renal agenesis
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance disorders
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders: Nephritic syndromes
Alport syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Immunologic and inflammatory disorders: Nephrotic syndromes
Amyloidosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
Neoplasms
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Neurogenic bladder
Posterior urethral valves
Urinary incontinence
Vesicoureteral reflux
Renal and urinary system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance disorders
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Chronic kidney disease medications
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Physiology
Acid-base physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Fluid compartments and homeostasis
Body fluid compartments
Hydration
Movement of water between body compartments
Renal clearance, glomerular filtration, and renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
Renal clearance
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Renal electrolyte regulation
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Sodium homeostasis
Renal sodium and water regulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Free water clearance
Kidney countercurrent multiplication
Osmoregulation
Sodium homeostasis
Renal tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Tubular secretion of PAH
Urea recycling
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Reproductive system and breast
Anatomy
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the breast
Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the pelvic cavity
Anatomy of the pelvic girdle
Anatomy of the perineum
Arteries and veins of the pelvis
Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Male and transgender reproductive system
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the inguinal region
Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the pelvic cavity
Anatomy of the pelvic girdle
Anatomy of the perineum
Arteries and veins of the pelvis
Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Embryology
Histology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Cervix and vagina histology
Fallopian tube and uterus histology
Mammary gland histology
Ovary histology
Male and transgender reproductive system
Penis histology
Prostate gland histology
Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Disorders of puberty, sex chromosomes, and sex hormones
Disorders of sex chromosomes and hormones
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Breast
Breast cancer
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Mastitis
Paget disease of the breast
Phyllodes tumor
Fertility and infertility
Turner syndrome
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Endometritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Menstrual and endocrine disorders
Amenorrhea
Endometriosis
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premature ovarian failure
Male and transgender reproductive system
Male reproductive system: Congenital disorders
Bladder exstrophy
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias and epispadias
Male reproductive system: Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Male reproductive system: Metabolic and regulatory disorders including sexual dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Male reproductive system: Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Priapism
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Obstetric complications
Cervical incompetence
Chorioamnionitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Gestational hypertension
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Intrauterine growth restriction
Miscarriage
Oligohydramnios
Placenta accreta
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Labor and delivery
Preterm labor
Puerperium (including complications)
Postpartum hemorrhage
Newborn (birth to 4 weeks of age)
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital syphilis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal sepsis
Adverse effects of drugs on pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Reproductive system and breast pathology review
Female reproductive system
Amenorrhea: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Male reproductive system
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Androgens and antiandrogens
Aromatase inhibitors
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Progestins and antiprogestins
Uterine stimulants and relaxants
Male and transgender reproductive system
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Physiology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Estrogen and progesterone
Menopause
Menstrual cycle
Puberty and Tanner staging
Male and transgender reproductive system
Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system
Puberty and Tanner staging
Testosterone
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Respiratory system
Anatomy
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the larynx and trachea
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the pleura
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacteroides fragilis
Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Fungal
Aspergillus fumigatus
Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Mucormycosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)
Parasitic
Ascaris lumbricoides
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the lower airways
Pneumonia
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders of the upper airways
Allergic rhinitis
Bacterial epiglottitis
Bacterial tracheitis
Croup
Laryngitis
Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses
Sinusitis
Upper respiratory tract infection
Metabolic, regulatory, and structural disorders
Cyanide poisoning
Decompression sickness
Methemoglobinemia
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Neoplasms
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Nasal polyps
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oral cancer
Pancoast tumor
Superior vena cava syndrome
Obstructive airway disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
Emphysema
Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing, and restrictive pulmonary disorders or interstitial lung disease
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders
Adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Neonatal acute respiratory disorders
Apnea of prematurity
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary vascular disorders
Pulmonary hypertension
Traumatic or mechanical disorders
Lower airways and pleura
Sleep apnea
Respiratory system pathology review
Congenital disorders
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall and traumatic and mechanical disorders
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive airway disease
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing, and restrictive pulmonary disorders or interstitial lung disease
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Allergy medications
Antihistamines for allergies
Asthma and COPD medications
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Influenza medications
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Tuberculosis medications
Antituberculosis medications
Physiology
Airflow and gas exchange
Airflow, pressure, and resistance
Alveolar gas equation
Boyle's law
Breathing cycle and regulation
Dalton's law
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Fick's laws of diffusion
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Graham's law
Henry's law
Ideal (general) gas law
Breathing mechanics
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Gas transport
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Physiologic adaptations of the respiratory system
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Mycobacterium leprae
Pasteurella multocida
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Sporothrix schenckii
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Viral
Coxsackievirus
Herpes simplex virus
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
Human papillomavirus
Measles virus
Parvovirus B19
Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)
Varicella zoster virus
Rubella virus
Congenital disorders
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Autoimmune disorders
Vitiligo
Papulosquamous and inflammatory disorders
Contact dermatitis
Lichen planus
Psoriasis
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Urticaria, erythema, exanthema, and purpura
Atopic dermatitis
Erythema multiforme
Pityriasis rosea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Urticaria
Pathology
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Integumentary disorders
Disorders of the nails
Onychomycosis
Neoplasms
Malignant neoplasms
Skin cancer
Oral disease
Aphthous ulcers
Skin and subcutaneous tissue pathology review
Disorders of pigmentation
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Integumentary disorders (hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, oral mucous membranes)
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anti-mite and louse medications
Glucocorticoids
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Physiology
Basic Sciences /USMLE® Step 1 Review
Biostatistics, epidemiology, population health, and interpretation of the medical literature
Introduction to biostatistics
Epidemiology and population health
Composite health status indicators and measures of population impact
DALY and QALY
Disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and communicable disease transmission
Disease surveillance
Modes of infectious disease transmission
Outbreak investigations
Vaccination and herd immunity
Measures of disease frequency
Incidence and prevalence
Points of intervention
Prevention
Survival analysis interpretation
Kaplan-Meier survival analysis
Study design, types, and selection of studies
Case-control study
Clinical trials
Cohort study
Cross sectional study
Ecologic study
Placebo effect and masking
Randomized control trial
Sample size
Study designs
Measures of association
Distributions of data
Normal distribution and z-scores
Range, variance, and standard deviation
Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)
Correlation and regression
Principles of testing and screening
Probability
Positive and negative predictive value
Sensitivity and specificity
Test precision and accuracy
Study interpretation and drawing conclusions from data
Bias, confounding, and threats to validity
Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies
Bias in performing clinical studies
Confounding
Information bias
Interaction
Selection bias
Causation
Disease causality
Behavioral health
Psychological disorders
Disorders originating in infancy or childhood
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders and impulse-control disorders
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Mood disorders
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Personality disorders
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Psychosocial disorders or behaviors
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Somatic symptoms, factitious disorders, and related disorders
Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review
Substance use disorders
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antidepressants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Atypical antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Anxiolytics and hypnotics
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Psychomotor stimulants
Psychomotor stimulants
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Histology
Microbiology
Parasitic
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Babesia
Diphyllobothrium latum
Plasmodium species (Malaria)
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Primary infections of lymphoid tissue
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Pathology
Anemia, cytopenias, and polycythemia anemias
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders (hypocoagulable and hypercoagulable conditions)
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Antimalarials
Antimalarials
Cancer medications
Anti-tumor antibiotics
Antimetabolites for cancer treatment
DNA alkylating medications
Microtubule inhibitors
Monoclonal antibodies
Platinum containing medications
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors
Topoisomerase inhibitors
Hematopoietic medications
Hematopoietic medications
Physiology
Blood components
Blood components
Blood groups and transfusions
Blood groups and transfusions
Hemostasis
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Role of Vitamin K in coagulation
RBC production
Erythropoietin
Cardiovascular system
Anatomy
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Embryology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Diseases of the myocardium
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Diseases of the pericardium
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Dysrhythmias
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart failure
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypertension
Hypertension: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Ischemic heart disease
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antianginals
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators
Antiarrhythmics
Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers
Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers
Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers
Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others
Antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Lipid-lowering medications
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Positive inotropic medications
Positive inotropic medications
Physiology
Cardiac cycle and pressure-volume loops
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Pressure-volume loops
Cardiac output
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Electrocardiography
Hemodynamics
Capillary fluid exchange
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Endocrine system
Anatomy
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Embryology
Pathology
Adrenal disorders
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of the endocrine pancreas
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1, MEN2)
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Adrenal gland medications
Adrenal hormone synthesis inhibitors
Mineralocorticoids and mineralocorticoid antagonists
Physiology
Anatomy and physiology
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Hypothalamic hormones
Hunger and satiety
Gastrointestinal system
Anatomy
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the inguinal region
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Escherichia coli
Helicobacter pylori
Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Fungal
Candida
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of the liver and biliary system
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Disorders of the oral cavity, salivary glands, and esophagus
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Disorders of the pancreas
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Disorders of the stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, and anus
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Signs, symptoms, and ill-defined disorders
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Physiology
Digestion and absorption
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Carbohydrates and sugars
Fats and lipids
Pancreatic secretion
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrointestinal hormones
Gastrointestinal tract motility
Enteric nervous system
Human development
Biochemistry
Amino acid metabolism
Cholesterol metabolism
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Fatty acid oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
Glycolysis
Ketone body metabolism
Nitrogen and urea cycle
Pentose phosphate pathway
Physiological changes during exercise
Cellular and tissue biology
Biology of cells
Cell membrane
Cell signaling pathways
Cell-cell junctions
Cellular structure and function
Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Extracellular matrix
Nernst equation
Osmosis
Resting membrane potential
Selective permeability of the cell membrane
Biology of tissue response to disease
Microbial biology and pharmacology
Bacteriology
Introduction to bacteria
Bacterial structure and functions
Gram positive bacteria
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Actinomyces israelii
Nocardia
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Streptococcus viridans
Enterococcus
Gram negative bacteria
Bacteroides fragilis
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Enterobacter
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Serratia marcescens
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)
Brucella
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Haemophilus influenzae
Pasteurella multocida
Mycobacteria
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)
Mycobacterium leprae
Other bacteria
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)
Leptospira
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Mycology
Cutaneous fungal infections
Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)
Parasitology
Protozoa
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)
Giardia lamblia
Babesia
Plasmodium species (Malaria)
Leishmania
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
Worms
Diphyllobothrium latum
Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)
Anisakis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)
Loa loa (Eye worm)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)
Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosomes
Virology
Introduction to viruses
Viral structure and functions
DNA viruses
Adenovirus
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Herpes simplex virus
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Varicella zoster virus
Human papillomavirus
Parvovirus B19
BK virus (Hemorrhagic cystitis)
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)
RNA viruses
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Hantavirus
Norovirus
Coronaviruses
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Ebola virus
Dengue virus
Hepatitis C virus
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika virus
Influenza virus
Human parainfluenza viruses
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus
Coxsackievirus
Poliovirus
Rhinovirus
Rotavirus
HIV (AIDS)
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Rabies virus
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus
Rubella virus
Prions and virioids
Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)
Pharmacology
Antibiotics
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Molecular biology and genetics
Molecular biology
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic processes
Drug administration
Drug administration and dosing regimens
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme function
Introduction
Introduction to pharmacology
Normal age-related findings and care of the well patient
Immune system
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Histology
Microbiology
Viral
HIV (AIDS)
Pathology
Disorders associated with immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Immunologically mediated disorders
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Antiretroviral medications
Integrase and entry inhibitors
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
Protease inhibitors
Other immune system medications
Glucocorticoids
Physiology
Introduction to the immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Adaptive immune system
MHC complexes
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
Cell-mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Contraction of the immune response
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccines
Vaccinations
Cytokines
Cytokines
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Multisystem processes and disorders
Microbiology
Bacterial
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Brucella
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Leptospira
Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Pathology
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance disorders
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Genetic, metabolic, and developmental disorders
Enzymatic or metabolic
Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of fatty acid metabolism: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review
Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review
Genetic disorders
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Intracellular or extracellular transport receptors
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Structural protein changes
Collagen disorders: Pathology review
Cytoskeleton and elastin disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Nutrition
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B1-B7: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B9, B12 and vitamin C: Pathology review
Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review
Toxins and environmental extremes
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Physiology
Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Musculoskeletal system
Anatomy
Abdomen
Back
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Lower limb
Neck
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Upper limb
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital, degenerative, and metabolic disorders
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, inflammatory, and immunologic disorders
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Neoplasms
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Back pain: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)
Glucocorticoids
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Anti-rheumatic medications
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Antigout medications
Antigout medications
Osteoporosis medications
Osteoporosis medications
Nervous system and special senses
Anatomy
Introduction
Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems
Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Brain
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the basal ganglia
Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain
Anatomy of the brainstem
Anatomy of the cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Anatomy of the cranial base
Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses
Anatomy of the diencephalon
Anatomy of the limbic system
Anatomy of the ventricular system
Cranial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Spinal cord
Gross anatomy
Anatomy of the ascending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy of the descending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Head
Neck
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Embryology
Development of the nervous system
Development of the face and palate
Pharyngeal arches, pouches, and clefts
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Actinomyces israelii
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Haemophilus influenzae
Listeria monocytogenes
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Neisseria meningitidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Parasitic
Acanthamoeba
Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)
Loa loa (Eye worm)
Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Viral
Adenovirus
Coxsackievirus
Cytomegalovirus
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus
Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Herpes simplex virus
HIV (AIDS)
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Poliovirus
Rabies virus
Varicella zoster virus
West Nile virus
Pathology
Adverse effects of drugs on the nervous system
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Cerebrovascular disease
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Congenital disorders
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Degenerative disorders or amnesic syndromes and global cerebral dysfunction
Dementia: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Disorders of the ear
Vertigo: Pathology review
Disorders of the eye and eyelid
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Disorders related to the spine, spinal cord, and spinal nerve roots
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Metabolic disorders
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular disorders
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Sleep disorders
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders and disorders of increaed intracranial pressure
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anesthetics and neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Neuromuscular blockers
Anticonvulsants
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Antispasmodics
Migraine medications
Autonomic medications
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Adrenergic antagonists: Presynaptic
Adrenergic receptors
Cholinergic receptors
Cholinomimetics: Direct agonists
Cholinomimetics: Indirect agonists (anticholinesterases)
Muscarinic antagonists
Sympatholytics: Alpha-2 agonists
Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists
Migraine medications
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Neurodegenerative disease medications
Parkinson disease
Anti-parkinson medications
Other neurodegenerative diseases
Medications for neurodegenerative diseases
Physiology
Higher order brain functions
Sleep
Somatic nervous system
Somatosensory receptors
Special senses
Auditory sensation
Auditory transduction and pathways
Pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium
Anatomy
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Microbiology
Pathology
Newborn (birth to 4 weeks of age)
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Obstetric complications, labor and delivery, and puerperium (including complications)
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Physiology
Early embryological development
Weeks 1-4
Human development days 1-4
Human development days 4-7
Human development week 2
Human development week 3
Renal and urinary system
Anatomy
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Metabolic and regulatory disorders
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Traumatic and mechanical disorders
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Chronic kidney disease medications
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Physiology
Fluid compartments and homeostasis
Body fluid compartments
Renal clearance, glomerular filtration, and renal blood flow
Glomerular filtration
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
Renal clearance
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Renal tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Tubular secretion of PAH
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Reproductive system and breast
Anatomy
Embryology
Histology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Cervix and vagina histology
Fallopian tube and uterus histology
Ovary histology
Male and transgender reproductive system
Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Female and transgender reproductive system
Amenorrhea: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Female, male, and transgender reproductive system
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Androgens and antiandrogens
Aromatase inhibitors
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Progestins and antiprogestins
Uterine stimulants and relaxants
Male and transgender reproductive system
Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers
Androgens and antiandrogens
PDE5 inhibitors
Physiology
Female and transgender reproductive system and breast
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Estrogen and progesterone
Menopause
Menstrual cycle
Puberty and Tanner staging
Male and transgender reproductive system
Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system
Puberty and Tanner staging
Testosterone
Respiratory system
Anatomy
Anatomy clinical correlates
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Embryology
Histology
Microbiology
Bacterial
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacteroides fragilis
Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Fungal
Aspergillus fumigatus
Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Mucormycosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)
Parasitic
Ascaris lumbricoides
Pathology
Congenital disorders
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall and traumatic and mechanical disorders
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive airway disease
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pneumoconiosis, fibrosing, and restrictive pulmonary disorders or interstitial lung disease
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Respiratory failure or respiratory arrest and pulmonary vascular disorders
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Allergy medications
Antihistamines for allergies
Asthma and COPD medications
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Influenza medications
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Tuberculosis medications
Antituberculosis medications
Physiology
Breathing mechanics
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Gas transport
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Physiologic adaptations of the respiratory system
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Histology
Microbiology
Pathology
Disorders of pigmentation
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory disorders
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Integumentary disorders (hair and hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, oral mucous membranes)
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Neoplasms
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Pharmacology
Anti-mite and louse medications
Glucocorticoids
Non-biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Physiology
Clinical Sciences /Clerkships
Emergency medicine
Acutely ill patient
Approach to shock
Introduction
Approach to shock: Clinical sciences
Cardiogenic
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Distributive
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS): Clinical sciences
Neurogenic shock: Clinical sciences
Sepsis: Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Focused chief complaint
Abdominal pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to periumbilical and lower abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Approach to postoperative abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Clinical sciences
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Colonic volvulus: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Endometriosis: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Intra-abdominal abscess: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Ischemic colitis: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Malaria: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Rectus sheath hematoma: Clinical sciences
Retroperitoneal hematoma: Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Altered mental status
Approach to presentation
Approach to altered mental status: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Alcohol withdrawal: Clinical sciences
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypercalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypernatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypocalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypoglycemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyponatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to mood disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to shock: Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Delirium: Clinical sciences
Diabetic ketoacidosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: Clinical sciences
Hypothermia: Clinical sciences
Hypovolemic shock: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Opioid withdrawal syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Uremic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Chest pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Headache
Approach to presentation
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Primary headaches (tension, migraine, and cluster): Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Temporal arteritis: Clinical sciences
GI bleed: Lower
Approach to presentation
Approach to hematochezia: Clinical sciences
GI bleed: Upper
Approach to presentation
Approach to melena and hematemesis: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Esophageal perforation: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal varices: Clinical sciences
Mallory-Weiss syndrome: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Ischemic stroke
Approach to disease
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding: Pelvic pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to periumbilical and lower abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Deep vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Early pregnancy loss: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Endometriosis: Clinical sciences
Femoral hernias: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Placental abruption: Clinical sciences
Primary dysmenorrhea: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding: Vaginal bleeding
Approach to presentation
Approach to abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged patients: Clinical sciences
Approach to postmenopausal bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to first trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to third trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Chlamydia trachomatis infection: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Uterine leiomyoma: Clinical sciences
Vaginal trichomoniasis: Clinical sciences
Sepsis
Approach to disease
Sepsis: Clinical sciences
Shortness of breath
Approach to presentation
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Airway obstruction: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to blunt chest injury: Clinical sciences
Approach to penetrating chest injury: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Atelectasis: Clinical sciences
Cardiac tamponade: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Hemothorax: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Pleural effusion: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Systems
Cardiovascular
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Clinical sciences
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Endocrine and electrolytes
Approach to hyperkalemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypoglycemia: Clinical sciences
Diabetic ketoacidosis: Clinical sciences
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Genitourinary
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Psychiatry
Approach to mood disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: Clinical sciences
Delirium: Clinical sciences
Neurology
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Approach to convulsive status epilepticus: Clinical sciences
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Traumatic and orthopedic injuries
Approach to the trauma patient
Blunt and penetrating abdominal and pelvic trauma
Approach to presentation
Approach to blunt and penetrating abdominal injury: Clinical sciences
Blunt and penetrating chest trauma
Head, neck, and spine trauma
Skin and extremity trauma
Pediatric emergency medicine
Abdominal pain and vomiting
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to chronic abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to the acute abdomen (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) toxicity: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to abdominal wall and groin masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to dysmenorrhea: Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Henoch-Schonlein purpura: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Necrotizing enterocolitis: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pyloric stenosis: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Altered mental status
Approach to presentation
Approach to altered mental status (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to a first unprovoked seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypoglycemia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to shock (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Dehydration (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Febrile seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Brief, resolved, unexplained event (BRUE)
Approach to disease
Brief, resolved, unexplained event (BRUE): Clinical sciences
Fever
Approach to presentation
Approach to a fever (0-60 days): Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever (over 2 months): Clinical sciences
Approach to bacterial causes of fever and rash (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital infections: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to viral exanthems (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Croup and epiglottitis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Kawasaki disease: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pneumonia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis and transient synovitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and impetigo: Clinical sciences
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Headache
Approach to presentation
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Primary headaches (tension, migraine, and cluster): Clinical sciences
Ingestion
Approach to presentation
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Limp
Approach to presentation
Approach to a limp (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to a suspected bone tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to common musculoskeletal injuries (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Clinical sciences
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis and transient synovitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Non-accidental trauma and neglect
Clinical approach
Non-accidental trauma and neglect (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Shock
Approach to presentation
Approach to shock (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (acyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (cyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Neurogenic shock: Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Dermatology
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to a rash in the well newborn and infant: Clinical sciences
Approach to viral exanthems (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Henoch-Schonlein purpura: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical sciences
Ear, nose, and throat
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Endocrine
Approach to hypoglycemia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal
Approach to hematochezia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to melena and hematemesis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Dehydration (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Pyloric stenosis: Clinical sciences
Genitourinary and obstetrics
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Neurology
Approach to a first unprovoked seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Febrile seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diagnostic testing and electrocardiogram (ECG)/rhythm recognition
Chest radiograph
Chest X-ray interpretation: Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Acutely ill patient
Approach to shock
Shock: Pathology review
Focused chief complaint
Abdominal pain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Altered mental status
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Chest pain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Endocrine and electrolytes
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
GI bleeding
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Headache
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Headaches: Pathology review
Ischemic stroke
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Shortness of breath
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Toxic ingestion
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Electrocardiogram (ECG) and rhythm recognition
ECG axis
ECG basics
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
ECG intervals
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG QRS transition
ECG rate and rhythm
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Traumatic and orthopedic injuries
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Family medicine
Core acute presentations
Abdominal pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to chronic abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to periumbilical and lower abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Introduction
Approach to abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged patients: Clinical sciences
Approach to postmenopausal bleeding: Clinical sciences
Cervical and endometrial hyperplasia, dysplasia, and carcinoma
Cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer: Clinical sciences
Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (hyperplasia) and carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Hormone producing tumors
Approach to adnexal masses: Clinical sciences
Ovarian cancer: Clinical sciences
Pregnancy
Approach to first trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to third trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to postpartum hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Early pregnancy loss: Clinical sciences
Placenta previa and vasa previa: Clinical sciences
Placental abruption: Clinical sciences
Uterine atony: Clinical sciences
Acute kidney injury
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute kidney injury: Clinical sciences
Anemia
Approach to presentation
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Chest pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Pericarditis: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Diagnostic investigations
Chest X-ray interpretation: Clinical sciences
Common skin lesions
Common skin rashes
Constipation
Cough
Approach to presentation
Approach to a cough (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to a cough (subacute and chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to a cough (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Dementia (acute symptoms)
Approach to presentation
Approach to gradual cognitive decline: Clinical sciences
Depression (initial presentation)
Approach to presentation
Approach to mood disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder: Clinical sciences
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault: Clinical sciences
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Clinical sciences
Non-accidental trauma and neglect (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Perinatal depression and anxiety: Clinical sciences
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Clinical sciences
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Diarrhea
Dizziness
Approach to presentation
Approach to dizziness and vertigo: Clinical sciences
Dysuria
Approach to presentation
Approach to dysuria: Clinical sciences
Fatigue
Approach to presentation
Approach to fatigue: Clinical sciences
Fever
Approach to presentation
Approach to a fever (0-60 days): Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever (over 2 months): Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever in the returned traveler: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Febrile neutropenia: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious mononucleosis: Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pneumonia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Sepsis: Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Headache
Approach to presentation
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Joint pain and injury
Introduction
Approach to joint pain and swelling: Clinical sciences
Approach to common musculoskeletal injuries (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Acute limb ischemia: Clinical sciences
Compartment syndrome: Clinical sciences
Osteoarthritis: Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis and transient synovitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Leg swelling
Approach to presentation
Approach to lower limb edema: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Deep vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary hypertension: Clinical sciences
Sleep apnea: Clinical sciences
Venous insufficiency and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Low back pain
Male genitourinary symptoms
Approach to disease
Benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer: Clinical sciences
Chlamydia trachomatis infection: Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: Clinical sciences
Testicular cancer: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pregnancy (initial presentation)
Preconception care: Clinical sciences
Antepartum care (first trimester): Clinical sciences
Approach to acute pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Approach to first trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Red eye
Approach to presentation
Approach to a red eye: Clinical sciences
Shortness of breath and wheezing
Approach to presentation
Approach to lower airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to upper airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory symptoms
Approach to disease
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Infectious mononucleosis: Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Vaginal discharge
Approach to presentation
Approach to vaginal discharge: Clinical sciences
Core chronic conditions
Anxiety
Approach to presentation
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Arthritis
Approach to presentation
Approach to joint pain and swelling: Clinical sciences
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Approach to presentation
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease
Approach to disease
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease
Depression (previously diagnosed)
Approach to presentation
Approach to mood disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder: Clinical sciences
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Clinical sciences
Perinatal depression and anxiety: Clinical sciences
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): Clinical sciences
Heart failure
Approach to presentation
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to lower limb edema: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Hyperlipidemia
Approach to disease
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Hypertension
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypertension: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Essential hypertension: Clinical sciences
Movement disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to involuntary movements: Clinical sciences
Neuropathy
Approach to presentation
Approach to polyneuropathy: Clinical sciences
Obesity
Osteoporosis and osteopenia
Approach to disease
Osteoporosis: Clinical sciences
Sleep disorders
Approach to disease
Sleep apnea: Clinical sciences
Substance use
Approach to disease
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Alcohol use disorder: Clinical sciences
Alcohol withdrawal: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Opioid use disorder: Clinical sciences
Opioid withdrawal syndrome: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Health promotion and preventative care
Children and adolescents
Well-child care
Well-child visit (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Well-child visit (toddler and child): Clinical sciences
Well-child visit (adolescent): Clinical sciences
Well-patient care (GYN): Clinical sciences
Sports physical (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Growth and development
Approach to delay or regression in developmental milestones: Clinical sciences
Developmental milestones (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Developmental milestones (toddler): Clinical sciences
Developmental milestones (childhood): Clinical sciences
Health promotion and preventative health
Emergency contraception: Clinical sciences
Reversible contraception: Clinical sciences
Immunizations
Immunizations (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Adults
Well-patient care
Well-patient care (adult): Clinical sciences
Well-patient care (geriatrics): Clinical sciences
Well-patient care (GYN): Clinical sciences
Intimate partner and family violence
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault: Clinical sciences
Health promotion and preventative health
Breast cancer screening: Clinical sciences
Cardiovascular disease screening: Clinical sciences
Cervical cancer screening: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer screening: Clinical sciences
Emergency contraception: Clinical sciences
Osteoporosis: Clinical sciences
Preconception care: Clinical sciences
Reversible contraception: Clinical sciences
Skin cancer screening: Clinical sciences
Sexually transmitted infection screening (Family medicine): Clinical sciences
Immunizations
Immunizations (adult): Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Core acute presentations
Acute kidney injury
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Kidney histology
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Renal failure: Pathology review
Abdominal pain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Anemia
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Chest pain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
Common skin rashes
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Constipation
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Enteric nervous system
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Laxatives and cathartics
Cough
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Dementia
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Diarrhea
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Enteric nervous system
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli
Norovirus
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Dizziness
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Vertigo: Pathology review
ECG axis
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
ECG intervals
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG QRS transition
ECG rate and rhythm
Dysuria
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Fever
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Headache
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Joint pain and injury
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Axilla
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Foot
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Leg swelling
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Low back pain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Male genitourinary symptoms
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Pregnancy (initial presentation)
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Red eye
Anatomy clinical correlates: Eye
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Shortness of breath and wheezing
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Core chronic conditions
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypertension: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Internal medicine
Diagnoses
Acute coronary syndrome
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypertension: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Essential hypertension: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to cystic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyperkalemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypernatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypertension: Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic acidosis: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Essential hypertension: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Uremic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cirrhosis
Diagnosis
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Approach to jaundice (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Approach to jaundice (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Approach to melena and hematemesis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal varices: Clinical sciences
Hemochromatosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Portal vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure
Aortic stenosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to lower limb edema: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute limb ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypertension: Clinical sciences
Cardiovascular disease screening: Clinical sciences
Carotid artery stenosis screening: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Essential hypertension: Clinical sciences
Peripheral arterial disease and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Dementia
Depression
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault: Clinical sciences
Sleep apnea: Clinical sciences
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Diabetes
Dyslipidemia
Diagnosis
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux
Hypertension
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Clinical sciences
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pheochromocytoma: Clinical sciences
Primary aldosteronism (hyperaldosteronism): Clinical sciences
Sleep apnea: Clinical sciences
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Osteoporosis
Diagnosis
Osteoporosis: Clinical sciences
Pancreatitis
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypercalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Approach to a cough (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to a postoperative fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Chest X-ray interpretation: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Pleural effusion: Clinical sciences
Sepsis: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Substance use
Diagnosis
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Alcohol use disorder: Clinical sciences
Alcohol withdrawal: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Opioid use disorder: Clinical sciences
Opioid withdrawal syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Approach to altered mental status: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Infectious endocarditis: Clinical sciences
Tobacco use
Diagnosis
Tobacco use: Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory infection
Urinary tract infection
Clinical conditions
Abdominal pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to periumbilical and lower abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Approach to postoperative abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Clinical sciences
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Celiac disease: Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Colonic volvulus: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Endometriosis: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Intra-abdominal abscess: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Ischemic colitis: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Malaria: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Acid-base
Acute kidney injury
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute kidney injury: Clinical sciences
Altered mental status
Approach to disease
Approach to altered mental status: Clinical sciences
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Alcohol withdrawal: Clinical sciences
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypercalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypernatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypocalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypoglycemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyponatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to mood disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to shock: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Delirium: Clinical sciences
Diabetic ketoacidosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: Clinical sciences
Hypothermia: Clinical sciences
Hypovolemic shock: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Opioid withdrawal syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Substance use disorder: Clinical sciences
Uremic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Anemia: Destruction and sequestration
Anemia: Underproduction
Approach to presentation
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to myelodysplastic syndromes: Clinical sciences
Approach to myeloproliferative neoplasms: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Iron deficiency anemia: Clinical sciences
Multiple myeloma: Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Vitamin B12 deficiency: Clinical sciences
Back pain
Approach to disease
Approach to back pain: Clinical sciences
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Clinical sciences
Ankylosing spondylitis: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Infectious mononucleosis: Clinical sciences
Mechanical back pain: Clinical sciences
Multiple myeloma: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis: Clinical sciences
Osteoporosis: Clinical sciences
Spinal infection and abscess: Clinical sciences
Spinal fractures: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Bleeding, bruising, and petechiae
Approach to presentation
Approach to bleeding disorders (coagulopathy): Clinical sciences
Approach to bleeding disorders (platelet dysfunction): Clinical sciences
Approach to bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Consumptive coagulopathy from massive transfusion: Clinical sciences
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Clinical sciences
Immune thrombocytopenia: Clinical sciences
Thrombotic microangiopathy: Clinical sciences
Cancer screening
Chest pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Aortic stenosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to hyperkalemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to interstitial lung disease (diffuse parenchymal lung disease): Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Esophageal perforation: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hemothorax: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Mitral stenosis: Clinical sciences
Myocarditis: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Pericarditis: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Supraventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): Clinical sciences
Ventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Constipation
Approach to presentation
Approach to constipation: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Anal cancer: Clinical sciences
Anal fissure: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypercalcemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Colonic volvulus: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Fecal impaction: Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Medication-induced constipation: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Cough
Approach to presentation
Approach to a cough (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to a cough (subacute and chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to interstitial lung disease (diffuse parenchymal lung disease): Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoconiosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Diarrhea
Approach to presentation
Approach to diarrhea (chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis: Clinical sciences
Celiac disease: Clinical sciences
Clostridioides difficile infection: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Ischemic colitis: Clinical sciences
Short bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Dyspnea
Approach to presentation
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to postoperative respiratory distress: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical sciences
Airway obstruction: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Aortic stenosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to interstitial lung disease (diffuse parenchymal lung disease): Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic acidosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoconiosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to respiratory alkalosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Atelectasis: Clinical sciences
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: Clinical sciences
Atrioventricular block: Clinical sciences
Cardiac tamponade: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Hemothorax: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Mitral stenosis: Clinical sciences
Myocarditis: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Pericarditis: Clinical sciences
Pleural effusion: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary hypertension: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary transfusion reactions: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Supraventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): Clinical sciences
Ventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Edema: Ascites
Approach to presentation
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Portal vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Edema: Lower limb edema
Approach to presentation
Approach to lower limb edema: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Compartment syndrome: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Deep vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Mitral stenosis: Clinical sciences
Myocarditis: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Protein-calorie malnutrition: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): Clinical sciences
Venous insufficiency and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hypocalcemia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypocalcemia: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hypercalcemia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypercalcemia: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hypokalemia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypokalemia: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hyperkalemia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hyperkalemia: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hyponatremia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hyponatremia: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to diarrhea (chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Clinical sciences
Urinary retention: Clinical sciences
Electrolyte imbalance: Hypernatremia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypernatremia: Clinical sciences
Fatigue
Approach to presentation
Approach to fatigue: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anal cancer: Clinical sciences
Ankylosing spondylitis: Clinical sciences
Aortic stenosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypokalemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Approach to interstitial lung disease (diffuse parenchymal lung disease): Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: Clinical sciences
Atrioventricular block: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Coronary artery disease: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Infectious endocarditis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory myopathies: Clinical sciences
Invasive ductal carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Invasive lobular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Mitral stenosis: Clinical sciences
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Clinical sciences
Myocarditis: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Peripheral arterial disease and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Right heart failure (cor pulmonale): Clinical sciences
Sleep apnea: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Temporal arteritis: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Fever
Approach to presentation
Approach to a fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever in the returned traveler: Clinical sciences
Approach to a postoperative fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Ankylosing spondylitis: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Breast abscess: Clinical sciences
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Central line-associated bloodstream infection: Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Clostridioides difficile infection: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Febrile neutropenia: Clinical sciences
Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Infectious endocarditis: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Intra-abdominal abscess: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Malaria: Clinical sciences
Mastitis: Clinical sciences
Multiple myeloma: Clinical sciences
Myocarditis: Clinical sciences
Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Perianal abscess and fistula: Clinical sciences
Pheochromocytoma: Clinical sciences
Pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary transfusion reactions: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Sepsis: Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Skin abscess: Clinical sciences
Spinal infection and abscess: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical sciences
Surgical site infection: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Temporal arteritis: Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal bleed: Hematochezia
Approach to presentation
Approach to hematochezia: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Anal cancer: Clinical sciences
Anal fissure: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Clinical sciences
Hemorrhoids: Clinical sciences
Immune thrombocytopenia: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Ischemic colitis: Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal bleed: Melena and hematemesis
Approach to presentation
Approach to melena and hematemesis: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Disseminated intravascular coagulation: Clinical sciences
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Esophageal perforation: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal varices: Clinical sciences
Immune thrombocytopenia: Clinical sciences
Mallory-Weiss syndrome: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Portal vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Stress ulcers: Clinical sciences
Headache
Approach to presentation
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical sciences
Primary headaches (tension, migraine, and cluster): Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Temporal arteritis: Clinical sciences
Jaundice: Conjugated
Approach to presentation
Approach to jaundice (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Hemochromatosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Jaundice: Unconjugated
Approach to presentation
Approach to jaundice (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Joint pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to joint pain and swelling: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Ankylosing spondylitis: Clinical sciences
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout): Clinical sciences
Gout: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Osteoarthritis: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis: Clinical sciences
Psoriatic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Reactive arthritis: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Clinical sciences
Knee pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to knee pain: Clinical sciences
Lymphadenopathy
Approach to presentation
Approach to peripheral lymphadenopathy: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Anal cancer: Clinical sciences
Approach to a fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to a postoperative fever: Clinical sciences
Approach to fatigue: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to nosocomial infections: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical sciences
Invasive ductal carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Invasive lobular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Nosocomial infections
Approach to presentation
Approach to nosocomial infections: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Central line-associated bloodstream infection: Clinical sciences
Clostridioides difficile infection: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Infectious endocarditis: Clinical sciences
Pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury: Clinical sciences
Surgical site infection: Clinical sciences
Obesity
Approach to disease
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Skin and soft tissue infections
Approach to disease
Approach to skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical sciences
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Clinical sciences
Skin abscess: Clinical sciences
Surgical site infection: Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Skin lesions
Approach to disease
Basal cell carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Benign skin lesions: Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory myopathies: Clinical sciences
Lipoma: Clinical sciences
Melanoma: Clinical sciences
Peripheral arterial disease and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Clinical sciences
Venous insufficiency and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Syncope
Approach to presentation
Approach to syncope: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Aortic stenosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter: Clinical sciences
Atrioventricular block: Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Mitral stenosis: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Supraventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): Clinical sciences
Ventricular tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Unintentional weight loss
Approach to presentation
Approach to unintentional weight loss: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Approach to hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Celiac disease: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Clinical sciences
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical sciences
Invasive ductal carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Invasive lobular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical sciences
Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical sciences
Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma): Clinical sciences
Vomiting
Approach to presentation
Approach to vomiting (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to abdominal wall and groin masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to melena and hematemesis: Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic acidosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic alkalosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Core competencies
Chest radiograph interpretation
Approach to disease
Chest X-ray interpretation: Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Diagnoses
Acute coronary syndrome
Anatomy of the coronary circulation
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Antiplatelet medications
Thrombolytics
Chronic kidney disease
Renal failure: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Breathing cycle and regulation
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Pulmonary shunts
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Ventilation
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Cirrhosis
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Liver anatomy and physiology
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Congestive heart failure
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the coronary circulation
Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum
Anatomy of the superior mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Cardiac afterload
Cardiac contractility
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac preload
Cardiac work
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Frank-Starling relationship
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Pressure-volume loops
Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output
Heart failure: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease
Anatomy of the coronary circulation
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Dementia
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Anatomy of the limbic system
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Dementia: Pathology review
Depression
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Atypical antidepressants
Dyslipidemia
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates
Lipid-lowering medications: Statins
Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications
Gastroesophageal reflux
Enteric nervous system
Esophageal motility
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Hypertension
Hypertension: Pathology review
ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Calcium channel blockers
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics
Hyperthyroidism
Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Thyroid hormones
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism
Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Thyroid and parathyroid gland histology
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Thyroid hormones
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Osteoporosis
Introduction to the skeletal system
Bone remodeling and repair
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Pancreatitis
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Pancreas histology
Pancreatic secretion
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Pneumonia
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the larynx and trachea
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the pleura
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Breathing cycle and regulation
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Lung volumes and capacities
Pulmonary shunts
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Ventilation
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Substance use
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Tobacco use
Atypical antidepressants
Upper respiratory tract infection
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Urinary tract infection
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the male urogenital triangle
Anatomy of the perineum
Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Venous thromboembolism
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Fascia, vessels and nerves of the upper limb
Vessels and nerves of the forearm
Vessels and nerves of the gluteal region and posterior thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Anticoagulants: Direct factor inhibitors
Anticoagulants: Heparin
Anticoagulants: Warfarin
Clinical conditions
Abdominal pain
Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the anterolateral abdominal wall
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the inguinal region
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Inguinal region
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Acid base
Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms
Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Physiologic pH and buffers
The role of the kidney in acid-base balance
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Acute kidney injury
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Kidney histology
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Renal failure: Pathology review
Altered mental status
Anatomy of the basal ganglia
Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain
Anatomy of the brainstem
Anatomy of the cerebellum
Anatomy of the cerebral cortex
Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses
Anatomy of the diencephalon
Anatomy of the limbic system
Anatomy of the ventricular system
Anatomy of the white matter tracts
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Atypical antipsychotics
Typical antipsychotics
Anemia
Blood histology
Blood components
Erythropoietin
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Back pain
Introduction to the central and peripheral nervous systems
Introduction to the muscular system
Introduction to the skeletal system
Introduction to the somatic and autonomic nervous systems
Anatomy of the ascending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy of the descending spinal cord pathways
Anatomy of the muscles and nerves of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy of the vertebral canal
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Bones of the vertebral column
Joints of the vertebral column
Muscles of the back
Vessels and nerves of the vertebral column
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior and posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, joints and muscles of the back
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Back pain: Pathology review
Cancer screening
Positive and negative predictive value
Sensitivity and specificity
Test precision and accuracy
Type I and type II errors
Chest pain
Anatomy of the breast
Anatomy of the coronary circulation
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the pleura
Anatomy of the superior mediastinum
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Constipation
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Enteric nervous system
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
Laxatives and cathartics
Cough
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the larynx and trachea
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the pleura
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Diarrhea
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Enteric nervous system
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Campylobacter jejuni
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Escherichia coli
Norovirus
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Shigella
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Yersinia enterocolitica
Dyspnea
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the pleura
Anatomy clinical correlates: Heart
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Breathing cycle and regulation
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Pulmonary shunts
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Ventilation
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Cardiac afterload
Cardiac contractility
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac preload
Cardiac work
Frank-Starling relationship
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Pressure-volume loops
Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output
Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms
Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Physiologic pH and buffers
The role of the kidney in acid-base balance
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Edema
Introduction to the cardiovascular system
Introduction to the lymphatic system
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Electrolyte imbalance
Antidiuretic hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Sodium homeostasis
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Fatigue
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Antihistamines for allergies
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists
Tricyclic antidepressants
Gastrointestinal bleed
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Headache
Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain
Anatomy of the cranial base
Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses
Anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses
Anatomy of the suboccipital region
Anatomy of the temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication
Anatomy of the trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Bones of the cranium
Bones of the neck
Deep structures of the neck: Prevertebral muscles
Muscles of the face and scalp
Nerves and vessels of the face and scalp
Superficial structures of the neck: Cervical plexus
Anatomy clinical correlates: Bones, fascia and muscles of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Skull, face and scalp
Anatomy clinical correlates: Temporal regions, oral cavity and nose
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Headaches: Pathology review
Jaundice
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Gallbladder histology
Liver histology
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Liver anatomy and physiology
Pancreatic secretion
Jaundice: Pathology review
Joint pain
Anatomy of the elbow joint
Anatomy of the glenohumeral joint
Anatomy of the hip joint
Anatomy of the knee joint
Anatomy of the radioulnar joints
Anatomy of the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints
Anatomy of the tibiofibular joints
Joints of the ankle and foot
Joints of the wrist and hand
Anatomy clinical correlates: Arm, elbow and forearm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Clavicle and shoulder
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Anatomy clinical correlates: Leg and ankle
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Knee pain
Anatomy of the knee joint
Anatomy clinical correlates: Knee
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Nosocomial infections
Candida
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Enterobacter
Enterococcus
Escherichia coli
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Staphylococcus aureus
Skin and soft tissue infections
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Skin lesions
Skin histology
Skin anatomy and physiology
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Syncope
Anatomy of the heart
Anatomy of the vagus nerve (CN X)
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Unintentional weight loss
Hunger and satiety
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Breast cancer: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Core competencies
Diagnostic decision making
Positive and negative predictive value
Sensitivity and specificity
Test precision and accuracy
Type I and type II errors
Electrocardiograph interpretation
ECG axis
ECG basics
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
ECG intervals
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG QRS transition
ECG rate and rhythm
Information mastery
Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies
Bias in performing clinical studies
Case-control study
Clinical trials
Cohort study
Correlation
Cross sectional study
Ecologic study
Hypothesis testing: One-tailed and two-tailed tests
Incidence and prevalence
Linear regression
Logistic regression
Methods of regression analysis
Odds ratio
One-way ANOVA
Paired t-test
Positive and negative predictive value
Randomized control trial
Relative and absolute risk
Repeated measures ANOVA
Sample size
Sensitivity and specificity
Study designs
Test precision and accuracy
Two-sample t-test
Two-way ANOVA
Neurology
Localization
Differentiation of lesions
Approach to presentation
Approach to differentiating lesions (brainstem): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (cerebellum): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (cerebral cortical and subcortical structures): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (motor neuron): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (muscle): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (nerve root, plexus, and peripheral nerve): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (neuromuscular junction): Clinical sciences
Approach to differentiating lesions (spinal cord): Clinical sciences
Symptom complexes
Acute, subacute, or episodic changes in mental status or level of consciousness
Approach to presentation
Approach to altered mental status: Clinical sciences
Delirium: Clinical sciences
Aphasia
Approach to presentation
Approach to aphasia: Clinical sciences
Blurry vision or diplopia
Approach to presentation
Approach to diplopia: Clinical sciences
Dizziness
Approach to presentation
Approach to dizziness and vertigo: Clinical sciences
Dysarthria or dysphagia
Approach to presentation
Approach to dysarthria or dysphagia: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Guillain-Barré syndrome: Clinical sciences
Gradual cognitive decline
Approach to presentation
Approach to gradual cognitive decline: Clinical sciences
Headache or facial pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Involuntary movements
Approach to presentation
Approach to involuntary movements: Clinical sciences
Neck or back pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to back pain: Clinical sciences
Sleep disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to sleep disorders: Clinical sciences
Unsteadiness, gait disturbance, or falls
Approach to presentation
Approach to unsteadiness, gait disturbance, or falls: Clinical sciences
Urinary or fecal incontinence or retention
Approach to presentation
Approach to urinary incontinence (GYN): Clinical sciences
Weakness
Approach to presentation
Approach to weakness (focal and generalized): Clinical sciences
Conditions
Conditions that require prompt response
Acute stroke (ischemic or hemorrhagic) or TIA: Clinical sciences
Approach to acute vision loss: Clinical sciences
Approach to blunt cerebrovascular injury: Clinical sciences
Approach to convulsive status epilepticus: Clinical sciences
Approach to encephalitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to encephalopathy (acute and subacute): Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury: Clinical sciences
Brain death: Clinical sciences
Guillain-Barré syndrome: Clinical sciences
Hepatic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Meningitis and brain abscess: Clinical sciences
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Uremic encephalopathy: Clinical sciences
Other conditions
Alzheimer disease: Clinical sciences
Approach to compressive mononeuropathies: Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to facial palsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to polyneuropathy: Clinical sciences
Approach to tremor: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory myopathies: Clinical sciences
Multiple sclerosis: Clinical sciences
Myasthenia gravis: Clinical sciences
Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies: Clinical sciences
Primary headaches (tension, migraine, and cluster): Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Localization
Anatomy clinical correlates: Anterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebral hemispheres
Anatomy clinical correlates: Cerebellum and brainstem
Anatomy clinical correlates: Posterior blood supply to the brain
Anatomy clinical correlates: Spinal cord pathways
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Anatomy clinical correlates: Olfactory (CN I) and optic (CN II) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV) and abducens (CN VI) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Anatomy clinical correlates: Facial (CN VII) and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (X), spinal accessory (CN XI) and hypoglossal (CN XII) nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Hip, gluteal region and thigh
Anatomy clinical correlates: Median, ulnar and radial nerves
Anatomy clinical correlates: Wrist and hand
Symptom complexes
Gradual cognitive decline
Dementia: Pathology review
Headache or facial pain
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Neck or back pain
Back pain: Pathology review
Blurry vision or diplopia
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Dysarthria or dysphagia
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Weakness (focal or generalized)
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Involuntary movements
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Urinary or fecal incontinence and retention
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Conditions
Acute stroke or TIA
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Acute vision loss
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Alzheimer disease
Dementia: Pathology review
CNS infection
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Epilepsy and status epilepticus
Seizures: Pathology review
Essential tremor
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Head trauma
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Headache (tension, migraine, cluster)
Headaches: Pathology review
Multiple sclerosis
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Myasthenia gravis
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Myopathy
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular respiratory failure
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Spinal cord dysfunction
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Obstetrics and gynecology
Obstetrics
Normal obstetrics
Clinical approach to preconception and antenatal care
Preconception care: Clinical sciences
Antepartum care (first trimester): Clinical sciences
Antepartum care (second trimester): Clinical sciences
Antepartum care (third trimester): Clinical sciences
Antepartum fetal surveillance: Clinical sciences
Fetal aneuploidy screening: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Approach to first trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous abortion
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Approach to first trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Early pregnancy loss: Clinical sciences
Medical and surgical complications of pregnancy: Anemia
Medical and surgical complications of pregnancy: Diabetes mellitus
Approach to presentation
Approach to diabetes in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Diabetes in pregnancy (GDM, T1DM, and T2DM): Clinical sciences
Medical and surgical complications of pregnancy: Infections
Approach to disease
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis infection in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Intraamniotic infection: Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infections and kidney stones in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Medical and surgical complications of pregnancy: Other
Approach to disease
Abdominal trauma in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Alcohol, tobacco, cannabinoid, and substance use in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Asthma in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Cholestasis of pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Chronic hypertension in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Venous thromboembolism in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
Approach to presentation
Approach to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Alloimmunization
Multifetal gestation
Clinical approach
Multifetal gestation: Clinical sciences
Abnormal labor
Third trimester bleeding
Approach to presentation
Approach to third trimester bleeding: Clinical sciences
Preterm labor and prelabor rupture of membranes
Lactation
Postpartum hemorrhage
Approach to presentation
Approach to postpartum hemorrhage: Clinical sciences
Postpartum infection
Approach to presentation
Approach to postpartum fever: Clinical sciences
Anxiety and depression in pregnancy and the postpartum period
Approach to disease
Perinatal depression and anxiety: Clinical sciences
Postterm pregnancy
Clinical approach
Late-term and postterm pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Fetal growth abnormalities
Approach to disease
Fetal growth restriction: Clinical sciences
Obstetric procedures
Clinical approach
Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC): Clinical sciences
Gynecology
Preventative care and health maintenance
Family planning
Pregnancy termination
Clinical approach
Therapeutic and induced abortions: Clinical sciences
Vulvar and vaginal disease: Vaginal discharge
Approach to presentation
Approach to vaginal discharge: Clinical sciences
Vulvar and vaginal disease: Vulvar skin disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to vulvar skin disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Vulvar skin disorders (benign): Clinical sciences
Sexually transmitted infections (STI)
Approach to presentation
Approach to dysuria: Clinical sciences
Approach to vaginal discharge: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Chlamydia trachomatis infection: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Vaginal trichomoniasis: Clinical sciences
Health promotion and preventative health
Sexually transmitted infection screening (GYN): Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infections (UTI)
Approach to presentation
Approach to dysuria: Clinical sciences
Pelvic floor disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to urinary incontinence (GYN): Clinical sciences
Endometriosis
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Approach to chronic pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Endometriosis: Clinical sciences
Acute pelvic pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to acute pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Chronic pelvic pain
Approach to presentation
Approach to chronic pelvic pain (GYN): Clinical sciences
Disorders of the breast
Approach to presentation
Approach to a breast mass and asymmetry: Clinical sciences
Approach to breast pain (mastalgia): Clinical sciences
Approach to nipple discharge: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Breast abscess: Clinical sciences
Breast cyst: Clinical sciences
Breast papilloma: Clinical sciences
Ductal carcinoma in situ: Clinical sciences
Fibroadenoma: Clinical sciences
Fibrocystic breast changes: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical sciences
Invasive ductal carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Invasive lobular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Lobular carcinoma in situ: Clinical sciences
Mastitis: Clinical sciences
Reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and related topics
Puberty
Amenorrhea
Hirsuitism and virilization
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Approach to abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged patients: Clinical sciences
Approach to postmenopausal bleeding: Clinical sciences
Cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer: Clinical sciences
Endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (hyperplasia) and carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Adenomyosis: Clinical sciences
Ovarian cancer: Clinical sciences
Perimenopause, menopause, and primary ovarian insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Clinical sciences
Uterine leiomyoma: Clinical sciences
Dysmenorrhea
Neoplasia
Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and neoplasia (GTN)
Cervical disease and neoplasia
Approach to disease
Cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer: Clinical sciences
Health promotion and preventative health
Cervical cancer screening: Clinical sciences
Uterine leiomyoma
Approach to disease
Uterine leiomyoma: Clinical sciences
Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma
Ovarian neoplasms
Approach to presentation
Approach to adnexal masses: Clinical sciences
Vulvar neoplasms
Approach to presentation
Approach to vulvar skin disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Vulvar dysplasia and vulvar cancer: Clinical sciences
Violence against women
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault
Clinical approach
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault: Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Obstetrics
Gynecology
Vulvar and vaginal disease
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) and urinary tract infections (UTI)
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Reproductive endocrinology, infertility, and related topics
Neoplasia
Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN)
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Vulvar, cervical, endometrial, and ovarian neoplasms
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Pediatrics
Acutely ill child
Fluids and electrolytes
Common acute illnesses
Abdominal pain
Approach to acute abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to chronic abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to abdominal wall and groin masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to dysmenorrhea: Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Henoch-Schonlein purpura: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pelvic inflammatory disease: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Amblyopia and strabismus
Approach to amblyopia and strabismus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Anemia
Approach to anemia (destruction and sequestration): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Bruising and petechiae/purpura
Approach to bleeding disorders (coagulopathy): Clinical sciences
Approach to bleeding disorders (platelet dysfunction): Clinical sciences
Approach to bleeding disorders (thrombocytopenia): Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to vasculitis: Clinical sciences
Immune thrombocytopenia: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Constipation
Approach to constipation (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Celiac disease: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Cough and/or wheeze
Approach to a cough (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Croup and epiglottitis: Clinical sciences
Cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia: Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Pneumonia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Diarrhea
Approach to diarrhea (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Celiac disease: Clinical sciences
Clostridioides difficile infection: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Fever
Approach to a fever (over 2 months): Clinical sciences
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Croup and epiglottitis: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Influenza: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pneumonia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis and transient synovitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Fever and rash
Approach to bacterial causes of fever and rash (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to viral exanthems (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital infections: Clinical sciences
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Kawasaki disease: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome and impetigo: Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Headache
Approach to headache or facial pain: Clinical sciences
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to neurocutaneous syndromes: Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Primary headaches (tension, migraine, and cluster): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Head or neck mass
Approach to head and neck masses (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Heart murmur
Approach to a murmur (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (acyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (cyanotic): Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Hematuria
Approach to hematuria (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Nephritic syndromes (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Hepatomegaly
Approach to hepatic masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (acyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (cyanotic): Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Limp or extremity pain
Approach to a limp (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to a suspected bone tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to common musculoskeletal injuries (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Clinical sciences
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease and slipped capital femoral epiphysis: Clinical sciences
Lyme disease: Clinical sciences
Osteomyelitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Septic arthritis and transient synovitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Lymphadenopathy
Approach to peripheral lymphadenopathy (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital infections: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Clinical sciences
Kawasaki disease: Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Otalgia
Otitis media and externa (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Petechiae or purpura
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Henoch-Schonlein purpura: Clinical sciences
Immune thrombocytopenia: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Positive Mantoux skin test
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Proteinuria
Approach to proteinuria (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Nephritic syndromes (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Nephrotic syndromes (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Red eye
Approach to a red eye: Clinical sciences
Conjunctival disorders: Clinical sciences
Eyelid disorders: Clinical sciences
Periorbital and orbital cellulitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sore throat
Acute group A streptococcal infections and sequelae (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Upper respiratory tract infections: Clinical sciences
Splenomegaly
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Approach to lymphoma: Clinical sciences
Approach to splenic masses: Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Vomiting
Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) toxicity: Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (acute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis (subacute) (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pyloric stenosis: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Newborn care
Abdominal wall defects
Approach to abdominal wall defects: Clinical sciences
Anemia
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (underproduction): Clinical sciences
Concern for serious bacterial infection
Approach to a fever (0-60 days): Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Urinary tract infection (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Jaundice
Approach to jaundice (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Approach to anemia in the newborn and infant (destruction and blood loss): Clinical sciences
Approach to birth injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital infections: Clinical sciences
Non-accidental trauma and neglect
Non-accidental trauma and neglect (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Prematurity
Approach to complications of prematurity (early): Clinical sciences
Approach to complications of prematurity (late): Clinical sciences
Necrotizing enterocolitis: Clinical sciences
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical sciences
Respiratory distress and cyanosis
Approach to respiratory distress (newborn): Clinical sciences
Approach to cyanosis (newborn): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (acyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (cyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to prenatal teratogen exposure: Clinical sciences
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical sciences
Teratogen exposure
Approach to prenatal teratogen exposure: Clinical sciences
Pediatric emergencies
Acute abdomen
Approach to the acute abdomen (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to abdominal wall and groin masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Necrotizing enterocolitis: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Airway obstruction or respiratory distress
Approach to lower airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to upper airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Respiratory failure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
COVID-19: Clinical sciences
Croup and epiglottitis: Clinical sciences
Foreign body aspiration and ingestion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pharyngitis, peritonsillar abscess, and retropharyngeal abscess (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pneumonia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Altered mental status
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to altered mental status (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to a first unprovoked seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypoglycemia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to shock (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Dehydration (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Febrile seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Apnea
Approach to a first unprovoked seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Brief, resolved, unexplained event (BRUE): Clinical sciences
Bronchiolitis: Clinical sciences
Croup and epiglottitis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Ataxia
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Approach to hematochezia (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to melena and hematemesis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Foreign body aspiration and ingestion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Non-accidental trauma and neglect
Non-accidental trauma and neglect (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Seizures
Approach to a first unprovoked seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to a suspected brain tumor (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to neurocutaneous syndromes: Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to traumatic brain injury (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Febrile seizure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Meningitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Shock
Approach to shock (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to bradycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (acyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to congenital heart diseases (cyanotic): Clinical sciences
Approach to household substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to medication exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to recreational substance exposure (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to tachycardia: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper airway obstruction (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Dehydration (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Clinical sciences
Neurogenic shock: Clinical sciences
Sepsis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Suicidal ideation
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Clinical sciences
Chronically ill child
Growth, nutrition, and development
Approach to atypical genitalia: Clinical sciences
Approach to delay or regression in developmental milestones: Clinical sciences
Approach to delayed puberty: Clinical sciences
Approach to feeding and eating disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to growth faltering: Clinical sciences
Approach to hypotonia (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Approach to neurodevelopmental disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to poor feeding (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Approach to precocious puberty: Clinical sciences
Approach to prenatal teratogen exposure: Clinical sciences
Approach to primary amenorrhea: Clinical sciences
Approach to short stature: Clinical sciences
Obesity (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Common chronic illnesses
Approach to epilepsy: Clinical sciences
Approach to feeding and eating disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to leukemia: Clinical sciences
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical sciences
Autism spectrum disorder: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia: Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder: Clinical sciences
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: Clinical sciences
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Genetic disorders and dysmorphologies
Approach to a child with Down syndrome (trisomy 21): Clinical sciences
Approach to aneuploidies and microdeletions: Clinical sciences
Approach to connective tissue disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (acute): Clinical sciences
Approach to inborn errors of metabolism (progressive or chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to neurocutaneous syndromes: Clinical sciences
Approach to prenatal teratogen exposure: Clinical sciences
Approach to primary immunodeficiencies: Clinical sciences
Cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia: Clinical sciences
Sickle cell disease: Clinical sciences
Well child
Ambulatory care
Allergic rhinitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical sciences
Diabetes mellitus (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Dyslipidemia: Clinical sciences
Essential hypertension: Clinical sciences
Generalized anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and panic disorder: Clinical sciences
Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia): Clinical sciences
Obesity (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Growth, nutrition, and development
Newborn care
Approach to a rash in the well newborn and infant: Clinical sciences
Approach to poor feeding (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Immediate care of the well newborn: Clinical sciences
Non-accidental trauma and neglect
Non-accidental trauma and neglect (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Prevention
Immunizations (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Well-child visit (adolescent): Clinical sciences
Well-child visit (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Well-child visit (toddler and child): Clinical sciences
Well-patient care (GYN): Clinical sciences
Sports physical (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Back to the Basic Sciences
Acutely ill child
Fluids and electrolytes
Antidiuretic hormone
Body fluid compartments
Movement of water between body compartments
Sodium homeostasis
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Common acute illnesses
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Lymphomas: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Pediatric emergencies
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Environmental and chemical toxicities: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Medication overdoses and toxicities: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Chronically ill child
Common chronic illnesses
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Well child
Behavior
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Newborn
Breastfeeding
Therapeutics
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist
Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance
Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions
Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution
Pharmacokinetics: Drug elimination and clearance
Pharmacokinetics: Drug metabolism
Acne
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogens and antiestrogens
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Acute otitis media
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Allergic rhinitis
Antihistamines for allergies
Antibiotics
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Antituberculosis medications
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones
DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole
Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Asthma
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors
Atopic dermatitis
Glucocorticoids
Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists
Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines
Candida dermatitis
Azoles
Impetigo
Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines
Sepsis and meningitis
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins
Glucocorticoids
Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors
Psychiatry
Key psychiatric diagnoses
Anxiety disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to anxiety disorders: Clinical sciences
Depressive, bipolar, and related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to feeding and eating disorders: Clinical sciences
Medication-induced movement disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to medication-induced movement disorders: Clinical sciences
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to neurodevelopmental disorders: Clinical sciences
Neurocognitive disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to gradual cognitive decline: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Delirium: Clinical sciences
Personality disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic (cluster B) personality disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive (cluster C) personality disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal (cluster A) personality disorders: Clinical sciences
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Approach to presentation
Approach to schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders: Clinical sciences
Approach to disease
Schizophrenia and related disorders: Clinical sciences
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Approach to somatic symptom and related disorders: Clinical sciences
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Trauma and stress-related disorders
Back to the Basic Sciences
Depressive, bipolar, and related disorders
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Feeding and eating disorders
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Medication-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of medication
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Neurocognitive disorders
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Personality disorders
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Somatic symptom and related disorders
Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review
Substance-related and addictive disorders
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Trauma and stressor-related disorders
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Other
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Psychopharmacology
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Barbiturates
Anticonvulsants and anxiolytics: Benzodiazepines
Atypical antidepressants
Atypical antipsychotics
Lithium
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Nonbenzodiazepine anticonvulsants
Psychomotor stimulants
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
Tricyclic antidepressants
Typical antipsychotics
Surgery
Surgery-related conditions
Abdominal pain
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to periumbilical and lower abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Approach to postoperative abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to upper abdominal pain: Clinical sciences
Abdominal aortic aneurysm: Clinical sciences
Acute coronary syndrome: Clinical sciences
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to ascites: Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Colonic volvulus: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Endometriosis: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Intra-abdominal abscess: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Ischemic colitis: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Rectus sheath hematoma: Clinical sciences
Retroperitoneal hematoma: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Abdominal pain (pediatrics)
Approach to acute abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to chronic abdominal pain (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Approach to the acute abdomen (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to vomiting (newborn and infant): Clinical sciences
Cholecystitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Inguinal hernias: Clinical sciences
Intussusception: Clinical sciences
Necrotizing enterocolitis: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Pyloric stenosis: Clinical sciences
Testicular torsion (pediatrics): Clinical sciences
Umbilical hernias: Clinical sciences
Abdominal wall and groin masses
Acid-base balance
Breast problems
Approach to a breast mass and asymmetry: Clinical sciences
Approach to breast pain (mastalgia): Clinical sciences
Approach to nipple discharge: Clinical sciences
Breast abscess: Clinical sciences
Breast cyst: Clinical sciences
Breast papilloma: Clinical sciences
Ductal carcinoma in situ: Clinical sciences
Fibroadenoma: Clinical sciences
Fibrocystic breast changes: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory breast cancer: Clinical sciences
Invasive ductal carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Invasive lobular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Lobular carcinoma in situ: Clinical sciences
Mastitis: Clinical sciences
Endocrine diseases: Adrenal gland
Endocrine diseases: Thyroid gland
Endocrine diseases: Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Endocrine diseases: Parathyroid glands
Fluids and electrolytes: Ascites
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Portal vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (extrapulmonary and latent): Clinical sciences
Fluids and electrolytes: Lower limb edema
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Compartment syndrome: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Deep vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Obesity and metabolic syndrome: Clinical sciences
Pericarditis: Clinical sciences
Protein-calorie malnutrition: Clinical sciences
Valvular insufficiency (regurgitation): Clinical sciences
Venous insufficiency and ulcers: Clinical sciences
Fluids and electrolytes: Hypocalcemia
Fluids and electrolytes: Hypercalcemia
Fluids and electrolytes: Hypokalemia
Fluids and electrolytes: Hyperkalemia
Fluids and electrolytes: Hyponatremia
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Approach to diarrhea (chronic): Clinical sciences
Approach to hypothyroidism: Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Congestive heart failure: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: Clinical sciences
Urinary retention: Clinical sciences
Fluids and electrolytes: Hypernatremia
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Hematochezia
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Melena and hematemesis
Esophageal cancer: Clinical sciences
Esophageal perforation: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Mallory-Weiss syndrome: Clinical sciences
Gastric cancer: Clinical sciences
Gastritis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal varices: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Portal vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Stress ulcers: Clinical sciences
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Melena and hematemesis (pediatrics)
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage (pediatrics)
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses: Adrenal
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses: Liver
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses: Pancreas
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses: Retroperitoneal
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses: Spleen
Jaundice
Approach to jaundice (conjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Approach to jaundice (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia): Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Choledocholithiasis and cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Cirrhosis: Clinical sciences
Hemochromatosis: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Hepatocellular carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Pancreatic cancer: Clinical sciences
Primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis: Clinical sciences
Non-cardiac chest pain and shortness of breath
Approach to chest pain: Clinical sciences
Approach to dyspnea: Clinical sciences
Approach to postoperative respiratory distress: Clinical sciences
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical sciences
Airway obstruction: Clinical sciences
Anaphylaxis: Clinical sciences
Aortic dissection: Clinical sciences
Aspiration pneumonia and pneumonitis: Clinical sciences
Asthma: Clinical sciences
Atelectasis: Clinical sciences
Cardiac tamponade: Clinical sciences
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Clinical sciences
Community-acquired pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Empyema: Clinical sciences
Esophageal perforation: Clinical sciences
Esophagitis: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hemothorax: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Lung cancer: Clinical sciences
Opioid intoxication and overdose: Clinical sciences
Paraesophageal and hiatal hernia: Clinical sciences
Pleural effusion: Clinical sciences
Pneumothorax: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Tuberculosis (pulmonary): Clinical sciences
Non-healing wounds
Perianal problems
Perioperative and postoperative care: Abdominal pain
Perioperative and postoperative care: Acute kidney injury and oliguria
Perioperative and postoperative care: Hypotension
Perioperative and postoperative care: Malignant hyperthermia
Perioperative and postoperative care: Neurologic complications
Perioperative and postoperative care: Postoperative fever
Atelectasis: Clinical sciences
Hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Clinical sciences
Catheter-associated urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Central line-associated bloodstream infection: Clinical sciences
Deep vein thrombosis: Clinical sciences
Pulmonary embolism: Clinical sciences
Surgical site infection: Clinical sciences
Perioperative and postoperative care: Respiratory distress
Perioperative and postoperative care: Wound complications
Shock: Introduction
Shock: Introduction (pediatrics)
Shock: Cardiogenic
Shock: Distributive
Shock: Hypovolemic
Shock: Obstructive
Skin and soft tissue lesions
Approach to skin and soft tissue lesions: Clinical sciences
Approach to skin and soft tissue infections: Clinical sciences
Approach to skin and soft tissue injury: Clinical sciences
Basal cell carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Benign skin lesions: Clinical sciences
Burns: Clinical sciences
Cellulitis and erysipelas: Clinical sciences
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: Clinical sciences
Folliculitis, furuncles, and carbuncles: Clinical sciences
Herpes zoster infection (shingles): Clinical sciences
Lipoma: Clinical sciences
Melanoma: Clinical sciences
Necrotizing soft tissue infections: Clinical sciences
Pressure-induced skin and soft tissue injury: Clinical sciences
Skin abscess: Clinical sciences
Surgical site infection: Clinical sciences
Toxic shock syndrome: Clinical sciences
Trauma: Introduction and shock
Trauma: Introduction and shock (pediatrics)
Trauma: Abdomen and pelvis
Trauma: Chest
Trauma: Head, neck, and spine
Trauma: Head, neck, and spine (pediatrics)
Trauma: Skin and extremities
Trauma: Skin and extremities (pediatrics)
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Vomiting
Acute mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Acute pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Adnexal torsion: Clinical sciences
Adrenal insufficiency: Clinical sciences
Alcohol-induced hepatitis: Clinical sciences
Appendicitis: Clinical sciences
Approach to abdominal wall and groin masses: Clinical sciences
Approach to biliary colic: Clinical sciences
Approach to increased intracranial pressure: Clinical sciences
Approach to melena and hematemesis: Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic acidosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to metabolic alkalosis: Clinical sciences
Approach to pneumoperitoneum and peritonitis (perforated viscus): Clinical sciences
Chronic kidney disease: Clinical sciences
Chronic mesenteric ischemia: Clinical sciences
Chronic pancreatitis: Clinical sciences
Diverticulitis: Clinical sciences
Ectopic pregnancy: Clinical sciences
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis A and E: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis B: Clinical sciences
Hepatitis C: Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Infectious gastroenteritis: Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn disease): Clinical sciences
Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis): Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Lower urinary tract infection: Clinical sciences
Nephrolithiasis: Clinical sciences
Peptic ulcer disease: Clinical sciences
Pyelonephritis: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Vomiting (pediatrics)
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Diarrhea
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Diarrhea (pediatrics)
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Constipation
Anal cancer: Clinical sciences
Anal fissure: Clinical sciences
Colonic volvulus: Clinical sciences
Colorectal cancer: Clinical sciences
Fecal impaction: Clinical sciences
Ileus: Clinical sciences
Irritable bowel syndrome: Clinical sciences
Large bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Medication-induced constipation: Clinical sciences
Small bowel obstruction: Clinical sciences
Vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation: Constipation (pediatrics)
Back to the Basic Sciences
Abdominal pain
Anatomy
Abdominal quadrants, regions and planes
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the female reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy of the urinary organs of the pelvis
Anatomy of the vessels of the posterior abdominal wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Female pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Abdominal wall and groin masses
Acid-base balance
Breast problems
Histology
Mammary gland histology
Endocrine diseases
Anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vessels, nerves and lymphatics of the neck
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the neck
Physiology
Calcitonin
Cortisol
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Estrogen and progesterone
Parathyroid hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones
Testosterone
Thyroid hormones
Vitamin D
Pathology
Adrenal insufficiency: Pathology review
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Fluids and electrolytes
Physiology
Body fluid compartments
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Movement of water between body compartments
Osmoregulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Sodium homeostasis
Pathology
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Large intestine
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Small intestine
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal organs of the pelvis and perineum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Viscera of the gastrointestinal tract
Intra-abdominal and retroperitoneal masses
Anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Kidneys, ureters and suprarenal glands
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy of the peritoneum and peritoneal cavity
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Peritoneum and diaphragm
Jaundice
Anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Liver, biliary ducts and gallbladder
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Pancreas and spleen
Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs
Physiology
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Liver anatomy and physiology
Pancreatic secretion
Pathology
Jaundice: Pathology review
Non-cardiac chest pain and shortness of breath
Anatomy
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Esophagus and stomach
Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Innervation of the abdominal viscera
Anatomy of the diaphragm
Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum
Anatomy of the larynx and trachea
Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree
Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus
Anatomy of the pleura
Anatomy of the superior mediastinum
Bones and joints of the thoracic wall
Muscles of the thoracic wall
Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall
Anatomy clinical correlates: Mediastinum
Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs
Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall
Physiology
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Breathing cycle and regulation
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Lung volumes and capacities
Pulmonary shunts
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Ventilation
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Chewing and swallowing
Enteric nervous system
Esophageal motility
Gastric motility
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Non-healing wounds
Nutrition
Perianal problems
Perioperative care
Postoperative care
Physiology
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Cytokines
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Inflammation
Innate immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Ventilation
Wound healing
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Shock
Physiology
Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Cardiac afterload
Cardiac contractility
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac preload
Cardiac work
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Compliance of blood vessels
Frank-Starling relationship
Free radicals and cellular injury
Hypoxia
Ischemia
Law of Laplace
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content