Chronic pyelonephritis
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Chronic pyelonephritis
Renal system
Renal and ureteral disorders
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Acute tubular necrosis
Postrenal azotemia
Prerenal azotemia
Renal azotemia
Horseshoe kidney
Potter sequence
Renal agenesis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Hydronephrosis
Kidney stones
Renal cortical necrosis
Renal papillary necrosis
Alport syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Amyloidosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary sponge kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Polycystic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease
Renal tubular acidosis
Angiomyolipoma
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
Renal cell carcinoma
WAGR syndrome
Renal artery stenosis
Renal system pathology review
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Assessments
Chronic pyelonephritis
USMLE® Step 1 questions
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High Yield Notes
5 pages
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
of complete
Reproduced from: Wikipedia
Which of the following pathogens is most commonly implicated in this disease process?
Transcript
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With chronic pyelonephritis, pyelo- means pelvis, and -neph- refers to the kidney, so in this case it’s the renal pelvis, which is the funnel-like structure of the kidney that drains urine into the ureter, and -itis means inflammation. This inflammation is usually caused by bacterial infection of the kidney, which is called acute pyelonephritis.
When somebody has recurrent episodes of acute pyelonephritis, the kidney becomes visibly scarred, at which point it’s referred to as chronic pyelonephritis.
Now a urinary tract infection, or UTI, is any infection of the urinary tract, which includes the upper portion of the tract—the kidneys and the ureters, and the lower portion of the tract—the bladder and urethra.
So acute and chronic pyelonephritis are types of upper urinary tract infection.
Now, an episode of acute pyelonephritis often clears up without much complication. Certain people, though, are predisposed to having recurring bouts of acute pyelonephritis, which eventually leads to chronic pyelonephritis and permanent scarring of the renal tissue.
The most common risk factor for recurrent acute pyelonephritis and therefore chronic pyelonephritis, is vesicoureteral reflux, or VUR, which is where urine is allowed to move backward up the urinary tract, which can happen if the vesicoureteral orifice fails.
The vesicoureteral orifice is the one-way valve that allows urine to flow from each ureter into the bladder, but not in the reverse direction.
VUR can be the result of a primary congenital defect or it can be caused by bladder outlet obstruction, which increases pressure in the bladder and distorts the valve.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 7/E (ENHANCED EBOOK)" McGraw Hill Professional (2014)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis: Clinical Experience with 41 Cases" Urology (2008)
- "Risk Factors Associated with Acute Pyelonephritis in Healthy Women" Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)
- "Diagnosis and Management of Acute Ureterolithiasis" American Journal of Roentgenology (2000)
- "Vesicoureteral Reflux, Reflux Nephropathy, and End-Stage Renal Disease" Advances in Urology (2008)
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