Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
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Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
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Jaundice: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review

Transcripción

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Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, named after Dr. Zollinger and Dr. Ellison - the two surgeons who first described it, is a rare endocrine disorder where there’s actually three interrelated pathologies.

First, there’s a gastrinoma, which is a gastrin-secreting tumor.

Second, the gastrinoma leads to increased gastric acid secretion from parietal cells.

Third, the excess gastric acid causes peptic ulcers.

Normally, the inner wall of the entire gastrointestinal tract is lined with mucosa, which consists of three cell layers.

The innermost layer is the epithelial layer and it absorbs and secretes mucus and digestive enzymes.

The middle layer is the lamina propria and it contains blood and lymph vessels.

The outermost layer of the mucosa is the muscularis mucosa, and it is a layer of smooth muscle that contracts and helps with the breakdown of food.

In the stomach, there are four regions - the cardia, the fundus, the body, and the pyloric antrum.

There’s also a pyloric sphincter, or valve, at the end of the stomach which closes while eating, keeping food inside for the stomach to digest.

The epithelial layer in different parts of the stomach contains different proportions of gastric glands which secrete a variety of substances.

Having said that, the cardia contains mostly foveolar cells that secrete mucus which is mostly made up of water and glycoproteins.

The fundus and the body have mostly parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid and chief cells that secrete pepsinogen, an enzyme that digests protein.

Finally, the antrum has mostly G cells that secrete gastrin in response to food entering the stomach.

These G cells are also found in the duodenum and the pancreas, which is an accessory organ of the gastrointestinal tract.

Gastrin stimulates the parietal cells to secrete hydrochloric acid, and also stimulates the growth of glands in the epithelial layer.

In addition, the duodenum contains Brunner glands which secrete mucus rich in bicarbonate ions into the lumen.

With all of the digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid floating around, the stomach and duodenal mucosa would get digested if not for the mucus coating the walls and bicarbonate ions secreted by the duodenum which neutralizes the acid.

Since the stomach walls are constantly exposed to the acid, they have a thicker mucus layer when compared to the duodenum which is only momentarily exposed to the acid.

In addition, the blood flowing to the stomach and duodenum brings in even more bicarbonate which helps neutralize the hydrochloric acid.

Finally, small signalling molecules called prostaglandins get secreted in the stomach and duodenum and they stimulate mucus and bicarbonate secretion, vasodilate the nearby blood vessels allowing more blood to flow to the area, promoting new epithelial cell growth, and also inhibit acid secretion.

All the neutralizing mechanisms help in making the lumen of the small intestine basic.

Resumen

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by a triad of one or more gastrinomas, increased gastric acid secretion, and peptic ulcers. The main symptom is epigastric pain from peptic ulcers, but also includes steatorrhea, weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, and diarrhea due to incomplete digestion and absorption. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome can be treated with acid-lowering medications and surgery to remove solitary tumors. Treatment involves reducing the production of stomach acid with medications, removing the tumor through surgery.

Fuentes

  1. "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
  2. "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  3. "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
  4. "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
  5. "Gastrinoma (Duodenal and Pancreatic)" Neuroendocrinology (2006)
  6. "MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME" Annual Review of Medicine (1995)