Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastric dumping syndrome
Advanced pathophysiology
Introduction to pathophysiology of disease
Biochemistry and nutrition
Amino acid metabolism
Nitrogen and urea cycle
Citric acid cycle
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
Glycolysis
Pentose phosphate pathway
Physiological changes during exercise
Cholesterol metabolism
Fatty acid oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis
Ketone body metabolism
Carbohydrates and sugars
Fats and lipids
Proteins
Alkaptonuria
Cystinuria (NORD)
Hartnup disease
Homocystinuria
Maple syrup urine disease
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Essential fructosuria
Galactosemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hereditary fructose intolerance
Lactose intolerance
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency
Abetalipoproteinemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Excess Vitamin A
Excess Vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Fabry disease (NORD)
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Iodine deficiency
Zinc deficiency
Cystinosis
Beriberi
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Niacin (Vitamin B3) deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin C deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Disorders of amino acid metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism: Pathology review
Disorders of fatty acid metabolism: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Glycogen storage disorders: Pathology review
Lysosomal storage disorders: Pathology review
Fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B1-B7: Pathology review
Water-soluble vitamin deficiency and toxicity: B9, B12 and vitamin C: Pathology review
Zinc deficiency and protein-energy malnutrition: Pathology review
Blood and lymphoreticular system
Blood components
Blood groups and transfusions
Platelet plug formation (primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)
Clot retraction and fibrinolysis
Role of Vitamin K in coagulation
Erythropoietin
Acute intermittent porphyria
Porphyria cutanea tarda
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hereditary spherocytosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Fanconi anemia
Folate (Vitamin B9) deficiency
Megaloblastic anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Alpha-thalassemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Beta-thalassemia
Iron deficiency anemia
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Aplastic anemia
Diamond-Blackfan anemia
Fanconi anemia
Aplastic anemia
Immune thrombocytopenia
Leukemoid reaction
Polycythemia vera (NORD)
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Antithrombin III deficiency
Factor V Leiden
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Hemophilia
Vitamin K deficiency
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
Von Willebrand disease
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Immune thrombocytopenia
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Mastocytosis (NORD)
Essential thrombocythemia (NORD)
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelofibrosis (NORD)
Polycythemia vera (NORD)
Acute leukemia
Chronic leukemia
Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
Multiple myeloma
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
Asplenia
Ruptured spleen
Extrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Heme synthesis disorders: Pathology review
Intrinsic hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Macrocytic anemia: Pathology review
Microcytic anemia: Pathology review
Non-hemolytic normocytic anemia: Pathology review
Coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Mixed platelet and coagulation disorders: Pathology review
Platelet disorders: Pathology review
Thrombosis syndromes (hypercoagulability): Pathology review
Leukemias: Pathology review
Lymphomas: Pathology review
Myeloproliferative disorders: Pathology review
Plasma cell disorders: Pathology review
Cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology
Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology
Coronary circulation
Abnormal heart sounds
Normal heart sounds
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Cardiac cycle
Cardiac work
Changes in pressure-volume loops
Pressure-volume loops
Cardiac and vascular function curves
Altering cardiac and vascular function curves
Cardiac afterload
Cardiac contractility
Cardiac preload
Frank-Starling relationship
Law of Laplace
Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)
Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output
Physiological changes during exercise
Cardiovascular changes during hemorrhage
Cardiovascular changes during postural change
Cardiac conduction system
Cardiac conduction velocity
ECG basics
ECG normal sinus rhythm
ECG intervals
ECG QRS transition
ECG axis
ECG rate and rhythm
ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia
ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement
Control of blood flow circulation
Microcirculation and Starling forces
Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance
Compliance of blood vessels
Laminar flow and Reynolds number
Pressures in the cardiovascular system
Resistance to blood flow
Action potentials in myocytes
Action potentials in pacemaker cells
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling
Excitability and refractory periods
Atrial septal defect
Coarctation of the aorta
Patent ductus arteriosus
Ventricular septal defect
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Tetralogy of Fallot
Total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Transposition of the great vessels
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Cardiac tamponade
Dressler syndrome
Pericarditis and pericardial effusion
Abetalipoproteinemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertriglyceridemia
Atrioventricular block
Bundle branch block
Pulseless electrical activity
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
Premature atrial contraction
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Brugada syndrome
Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes
Premature ventricular contraction
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia
Coarctation of the aorta
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hypertension
Hypertensive emergency
Pheochromocytoma
Polycystic kidney disease
Renal artery stenosis
Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
Arterial disease
Endocarditis
Myocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Angina pectoris
Coronary steal syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Prinzmetal angina
Stable angina
Unstable angina
Angiosarcomas
Cardiac tumors
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Vascular tumors
Shock
Aortic valve disease
Mitral valve disease
Pulmonary valve disease
Tricuspid valve disease
Chronic venous insufficiency
Deep vein thrombosis
Thrombophlebitis
Aneurysms
Aortic dissection
Subclavian steal syndrome
Lymphangioma
Lymphedema
Peripheral artery disease
Nutcracker syndrome
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome
Behcet's disease
Kawasaki disease
Vasculitis
Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review
Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review
Pericardial disease: Pathology review
Dyslipidemias: Pathology review
Heart blocks: Pathology review
Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review
Heart failure: Pathology review
Hypertension: Pathology review
Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review
Endocarditis: Pathology review
Coronary artery disease: Pathology review
Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review
Valvular heart disease: Pathology review
Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review
Vasculitis: Pathology review
Shock: Pathology review
Cellular and molecular biology
Cell membrane
Cell signaling pathways
Cell-cell junctions
Cellular structure and function
Cytoskeleton and intracellular motility
Endocytosis and exocytosis
Extracellular matrix
Nernst equation
Osmosis
Resting membrane potential
Selective permeability of the cell membrane
DNA cloning
ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Gel electrophoresis and genetic testing
Karyotyping
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse-transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)
Amino acids and protein folding
Cell cycle
DNA damage and repair
DNA mutations
DNA replication
DNA structure
Epigenetics
Gene regulation
Lac operon
Mitosis and meiosis
Nuclear structure
Nucleotide metabolism
Protein structure and synthesis
Transcription of DNA
Translation of mRNA
Alport syndrome
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Vitamin C deficiency
Acute radiation syndrome
Bloom syndrome
Fanconi anemia
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
McCune-Albright syndrome
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)
Leukodystrophy
Zellweger spectrum disorders (NORD)
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Orotic aciduria
Collagen disorders: Pathology review
Cytoskeleton and elastin disorders: Pathology review
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Purine and pyrimidine synthesis and metabolism disorders: Pathology review
Endocrine system
Endocrine system anatomy and physiology
Cortisol
Synthesis of adrenocortical hormones
Estrogen and progesterone
Testosterone
Hunger and satiety
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone
Growth hormone and somatostatin
Oxytocin and prolactin
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Vitamin D
Thyroid hormones
Adrenal cortical carcinoma
Conn syndrome
Cushing syndrome
Hyperaldosteronism
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
Neuroblastoma
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Pheochromocytoma
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Kallmann syndrome
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic nephropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hypoparathyroidism
Hyperprolactinemia
Pituitary adenoma
Prolactinoma
Delayed puberty
Premature ovarian failure
Constitutional growth delay
Growth hormone deficiency
Hypopituitarism
Hypoprolactinemia
Pituitary apoplexy
Sheehan syndrome
Diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
Graves disease
Hyperthyroidism
Thyroid eye disease (NORD)
Thyroid storm
Toxic multinodular goiter
Euthyroid sick syndrome
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Postpartum thyroiditis
Riedel thyroiditis
Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis
Thyroid cancer
Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 (NORD)
Carcinoid syndrome
Adrenal masses: Pathology review
Cushing syndrome and Cushing disease: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Diabetes mellitus: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Multiple endocrine neoplasia: Pathology review
Parathyroid disorders and calcium imbalance: Pathology review
Diabetes insipidus and SIADH: Pathology review
Hypopituitarism: Pathology review
Pituitary tumors: Pathology review
Hyperthyroidism: Pathology review
Hypothyroidism: Pathology review
Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal system
Anatomy and physiology of the teeth
Gastrointestinal system anatomy and physiology
Liver anatomy and physiology
Bile secretion and enterohepatic circulation
Carbohydrates and sugars
Chewing and swallowing
Fats and lipids
Intestinal fluid balance
Pancreatic secretion
Prebiotics and probiotics
Proteins
Vitamins and minerals
Gastrointestinal hormones
Enteric nervous system
Esophageal motility
Gastric motility
Acute cholecystitis
Ascending cholangitis
Biliary colic
Chronic cholecystitis
Gallstone ileus
Gallstones
Alcohol-associated liver disease
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Budd-Chiari syndrome
Cholestatic liver disease
Cirrhosis
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
Gilbert's syndrome
Hemochromatosis
Hepatic encephalopathy
Viral hepatitis
Jaundice
Neonatal hepatitis
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Portal hypertension
Primary biliary cholangitis
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Reye syndrome
Rotor syndrome
Wilson disease
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Peritonitis
Pneumoperitoneum
Aphthous ulcers
Dental abscess
Dental caries disease
Gingivitis and periodontitis
Ludwig angina
Oral candidiasis
Parotitis
Sialadenitis
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Achalasia
Barrett esophagus
Diffuse esophageal spasm
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
Plummer-Vinson syndrome
Zenker diverticulum
Cyclic vomiting syndrome
Gastric dumping syndrome
Gastritis
Gastroparesis
Peptic ulcer
Appendicitis
Bowel obstruction
Diverticulosis and diverticulitis
Gallstone ileus
Gastroenteritis
Hirschsprung disease
Intussusception
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ischemic colitis
Lactose intolerance
Microscopic colitis
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Protein losing enteropathy
Short bowel syndrome (NORD)
Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Small bowel ischemia and infarction
Tropical sprue
Volvulus
Whipple's disease
Anal fissure
Anal fistula
Hemorrhoid
Rectal prolapse
Gastroenteritis
Autoimmune hepatitis
Celiac disease
Crohn disease
Eosinophilic esophagitis (NORD)
Ulcerative colitis
Gallbladder carcinoma
Esophageal cancer
Benign liver tumors
Hepatocellular adenoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Carcinoid syndrome
Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Oral cancer
Warthin tumor
Pancreatic cancer
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal polyps
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Gastric cancer
Abdominal hernias
Boerhaave syndrome
Femoral hernia
Inguinal hernia
Intestinal adhesions
Congenital gastrointestinal disorders: Pathology review
Cirrhosis: Pathology review
Gallbladder disorders: Pathology review
Jaundice: Pathology review
Esophageal disorders: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Pancreatitis: Pathology review
Appendicitis: Pathology review
Diverticular disease: Pathology review
GERD, peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer: Pathology review
Malabsorption syndromes: Pathology review
Inflammatory bowel disease: Pathology review
Viral hepatitis: Pathology review
Colorectal polyps and cancer: Pathology review
Neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal system: Pathology review
Gastrointestinal bleeding: Pathology review
Biliary atresia
Cleft lip and palate
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Esophageal web
Gastroschisis
Imperforate anus
Intestinal atresia
Intestinal malrotation
Meckel diverticulum
Omphalocele
Pyloric stenosis
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Genetics
Evolution and natural selection
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Independent assortment of genes and linkage
Inheritance patterns
Mendelian genetics and punnett squares
Achondroplasia
Alagille syndrome (NORD)
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Hereditary spherocytosis
Huntington disease
Li-Fraumeni syndrome
Marfan syndrome
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Myotonic dystrophy
Neurofibromatosis
Polycystic kidney disease
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Albinism
Alpha-thalassemia
Beta-thalassemia
Cystic fibrosis
Friedreich ataxia
Gaucher disease (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type I
Glycogen storage disease type II (NORD)
Glycogen storage disease type III
Glycogen storage disease type IV
Glycogen storage disease type V
Hemochromatosis
Krabbe disease
Leukodystrophy
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 1 (Hurler syndrome) (NORD)
Niemann-Pick disease type C
Niemann-Pick disease types A and B (NORD)
Phenylketonuria (NORD)
Polycystic kidney disease
Primary ciliary dyskinesia
Sickle cell disease (NORD)
Tay-Sachs disease (NORD)
Wilson disease
Cri du chat syndrome
Williams syndrome
Angelman syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Mitochondrial myopathy
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Huntington disease
Myotonic dystrophy
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Edwards syndrome (Trisomy 18)
Patau syndrome (Trisomy 13)
Alport syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Fabry disease (NORD)
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
Hemophilia
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Mucopolysaccharide storage disease type 2 (Hunter syndrome) (NORD)
Muscular dystrophy
Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Autosomal trisomies: Pathology review
Miscellaneous genetic disorders: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Immune system
Introduction to the immune system
Cytokines
Innate immune system
Complement system
T-cell development
B-cell development
MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
T-cell activation
B-cell activation, differentiation, and contraction
Cell-mediated immunity of CD4 cells
Cell-mediated immunity of natural killer and CD8 cells
Antibody classes
Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation
VDJ rearrangement
Contracting the immune response and peripheral tolerance
B- and T-cell memory
Anergy, exhaustion, and clonal deletion
Vaccinations
Type I hypersensitivity
Type II hypersensitivity
Type III hypersensitivity
Type IV hypersensitivity
Asplenia
Common variable immunodeficiency
Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome
IgG subclass deficiency
Isolated primary immunoglobulin M deficiency
Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency
X-linked agammaglobulinemia
Adenosine deaminase deficiency
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Hyper IgM syndrome
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
Complement deficiency
Hereditary angioedema
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Chronic granulomatous disease
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
DiGeorge syndrome
Thymic aplasia
Ruptured spleen
Thymoma
Cytomegalovirus infection after transplant (NORD)
Graft-versus-host disease
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (NORD)
Transplant rejection
Anaphylaxis
Asthma
Food allergy
Type I hypersensitivity
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Goodpasture syndrome
Graves disease
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Immune thrombocytopenia
Myasthenia gravis
Pemphigus vulgaris
Rheumatic heart disease
Type II hypersensitivity
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Serum sickness
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Type III hypersensitivity
Contact dermatitis
Graft-versus-host disease
Type IV hypersensitivity
Sepsis
Neonatal sepsis
Abscesses
Immunodeficiencies: Combined T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: Phagocyte and complement dysfunction: Pathology review
Immunodeficiencies: T-cell and B-cell disorders: Pathology review
HIV and AIDS: Pathology review
Blood transfusion reactions and transplant rejection: Pathology review
HIV (AIDS)
Mental health
Physical and sexual abuse
Agoraphobia
Generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Panic disorder
Phobias
Post-traumatic stress disorder
Social anxiety disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Autism spectrum disorder
Disruptive, impulse control, and conduct disorders
Encopresis
Enuresis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Learning disability
Rett syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Body focused repetitive disorders
Factitious disorder
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
Bipolar and related disorders
Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Suicide
Alzheimer disease
Amnesia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Delirium
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Dissociative disorders
Frontotemporal dementia
Huntington disease
Parkinson disease
Vascular dementia
Cluster A personality disorders
Cluster B personality disorders
Cluster C personality disorders
Delusional disorder
Schizoaffective disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform disorder
Erectile dysfunction
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Bruxism
Insomnia
Narcolepsy (NORD)
Night terrors
Nocturnal enuresis
Body dysmorphic disorder
Somatic symptom disorder
Alcohol use disorder
Cannabis use disorder
Cocaine use disorder
Opioid use disorder
Tobacco use disorder
Anxiety disorders, phobias and stress-related disorders: Pathology Review
Childhood and early-onset psychological disorders: Pathology review
Developmental and learning disorders: Pathology review
Eating disorders: Pathology review
Mood disorders: Pathology review
Personality disorders: Pathology review
Trauma- and stress-related disorders: Pathology review
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders: Pathology review
Malingering, factitious disorders and somatoform disorders: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Alcohol: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Hallucinogens: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Other depressants: Pathology review
Drug misuse, intoxication and withdrawal: Stimulants: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Microbiology
Bacterial structure and functions
Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
Bacillus cereus (Food poisoning)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Clostridium difficile (Pseudomembranous colitis)
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Actinomyces israelii
Nocardia
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep)
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Streptococcus viridans
Enterococcus
Bacteroides fragilis
Bartonella henselae (Cat-scratch disease and Bacillary angiomatosis)
Enterobacter
Escherichia coli
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease and Pontiac fever)
Proteus mirabilis
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Salmonella (non-typhoidal)
Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
Serratia marcescens
Shigella
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pestis (Plague)
Campylobacter jejuni
Helicobacter pylori
Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
Moraxella catarrhalis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitidis
Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)
Brucella
Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Haemophilus influenzae
Pasteurella multocida
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)
Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)
Mycobacterium leprae
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gardnerella vaginalis (Bacterial vaginosis)
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Ehrlichia and Anaplasma
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever) and other Rickettsia species
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease)
Borrelia species (Relapsing fever)
Leptospira
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Malassezia (Tinea versicolor and Seborrhoeic dermatitis)
Aspergillus fumigatus
Candida
Cryptococcus neoformans
Mucormycosis
Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)
Sporothrix schenckii
Blastomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis (Lice)
Sarcoptes scabiei (Scabies)
Acanthamoeba
Naegleria fowleri (Primary amebic meningoencephalitis)
Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Cryptosporidium
Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)
Giardia lamblia
Babesia
Plasmodium species (Malaria)
Leishmania
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trypanosoma brucei
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
Diphyllobothrium latum
Echinococcus granulosus (Hydatid disease)
Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus
Angiostrongylus (Eosinophilic meningitis)
Anisakis
Ascaris lumbricoides
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Guinea worm (Dracunculiasis)
Loa loa (Eye worm)
Onchocerca volvulus (River blindness)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Toxocara canis (Visceral larva migrans)
Trichinella spiralis
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Wuchereria bancrofti (Lymphatic filariasis)
Clonorchis sinensis
Paragonimus westermani
Schistosomes
Viral structure and functions
Adenovirus
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
Herpes simplex virus
Human herpesvirus 6 (Roseola)
Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)
Varicella zoster virus
Human papillomavirus
Parvovirus B19
BK virus (Hemorrhagic cystitis)
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Poxvirus (Smallpox and Molluscum contagiosum)
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Hantavirus
Norovirus
Coronaviruses
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D virus
Ebola virus
Dengue virus
Hepatitis C virus
West Nile virus
Yellow fever virus
Zika virus
Influenza virus
Human parainfluenza viruses
Measles virus
Mumps virus
Respiratory syncytial virus
Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E virus
Coxsackievirus
Poliovirus
Rhinovirus
Rotavirus
HIV (AIDS)
Human T-lymphotropic virus
Rabies virus
Eastern and Western equine encephalitis virus
Rubella virus
Prions (Spongiform encephalopathy)
Musculoskeletal system
Brachial plexus
Muscle contraction
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Muscular system anatomy and physiology
Neuromuscular junction and motor unit
Sliding filament model of muscle contraction
Slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers
Bone remodeling and repair
Cartilage structure and growth
Fibrous, cartilage, and synovial joints
Skeletal system anatomy and physiology
Achondroplasia
Arthrogryposis
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Club foot
Craniosynostosis
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Flat feet
Genu valgum
Genu varum
Mitochondrial myopathy
Muscular dystrophy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pectus excavatum
Pigeon toe
Degenerative disc disease
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)
Osteomalacia and rickets
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Paget disease of bone
Spinal disc herniation
Spinal stenosis
Spondylolisthesis
Spondylolysis
Spondylosis
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease (pseudogout)
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Compartment syndrome
Rhabdomyolysis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Dermatomyositis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Limited systemic sclerosis (CREST syndrome)
Mixed connective tissue disease
Polymyositis
Psoriatic arthritis
Raynaud phenomenon
Reactive arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma
Sjogren syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Osteomyelitis
Septic arthritis
Spondylitis
Baker cyst
Bursitis
Iliotibial band syndrome
Inclusion body myopathy
Patellofemoral pain syndrome
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
Transient synovitis
Bone tumors
Chondrosarcoma
Osteochondroma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis
Sciatica
Achilles tendon rupture
Anterior cruciate ligament injury
Meniscus tear
Patellar tendon rupture
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Sprained ankle
Unhappy triad
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Dislocated shoulder
Radial head subluxation (Nursemaid elbow)
Rotator cuff tear
Fibromyalgia
Bone disorders: Pathology review
Gout and pseudogout: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Pediatric musculoskeletal disorders: Pathology review
Myalgias and myositis: Pathology review
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Pathology review
Scleroderma: Pathology review
Seronegative and septic arthritis: Pathology review
Sjogren syndrome: Pathology review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): Pathology review
Bone tumors: Pathology review
Back pain: Pathology review
Nervous system and special senses
Ascending and descending spinal tracts
Blood brain barrier
Cerebral circulation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cranial nerves
Nervous system anatomy and physiology
Neuron action potential
Adrenergic receptors
Sympathetic nervous system
Cholinergic receptors
Parasympathetic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Basal ganglia: Direct and indirect pathway of movement
Cerebellum
Attention
Consciousness
Emotion
Language
Learning
Memory
Sleep
Stress
Body temperature regulation (thermoregulation)
Hunger and satiety
Motor cortex
Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs
Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts
Sensory receptor function
Somatosensory pathways
Somatosensory receptors
Anatomy and physiology of the ear
Auditory transduction and pathways
Taste and the tongue
Olfactory transduction and pathways
Vestibular transduction
Vestibulo-ocular reflex and nystagmus
Anatomy and physiology of the eye
Optic pathways and visual fields
Photoreception
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Serotonin syndrome
Broca aphasia
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
Wernicke aphasia
Epidural hematoma
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Saccular aneurysm
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Ischemic stroke
Transient ischemic attack
Arteriovenous malformation
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Subclavian steal syndrome
Vascular dementia
Aqueductal stenosis
Cerebral palsy
Chiari malformation
Dandy-Walker malformation
Friedreich ataxia
Neurofibromatosis
Septo-optic dysplasia
Spina bifida
Spinocerebellar ataxia (NORD)
Sturge-Weber syndrome
Tethered spinal cord syndrome
Tuberous sclerosis
von Hippel-Lindau disease
Bell palsy
Horner syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Erb-Duchenne palsy
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Klumpke paralysis
Sciatica
Thoracic outlet syndrome
Ulnar claw
Winged scapula
Alzheimer disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Frontotemporal dementia
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Vascular dementia
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Central pontine myelinolysis
JC virus (Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy)
Multiple sclerosis
Transverse myelitis
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Brown-Sequard Syndrome
Cauda equina syndrome
Friedreich ataxia
Neurogenic bladder
Syringomyelia
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Delirium
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Thymoma
Transverse myelitis
Brain abscess
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Encephalitis
Epidural abscess
Meningitis
Neonatal meningitis
Adrenoleukodystrophy (NORD)
Essential tremor
Huntington disease
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (NORD)
Parkinson disease
Restless legs syndrome
Torticollis
Adult brain tumors
Neurofibromatosis
Pediatric brain tumors
Pituitary adenoma
Fibromyalgia
Trigeminal neuralgia
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
Muscular dystrophy
Myasthenia gravis
Myotonic dystrophy
Spinal muscular atrophy
Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Cluster headache
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Migraine
Tension headache
Trigeminal neuralgia
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (NORD)
Febrile seizure
Seizures and epilepsy
Insomnia
Narcolepsy (NORD)
Night terrors
Restless legs syndrome
Brain herniation
Concussion and traumatic brain injury
Epidural hematoma
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Subdural hematoma
Labyrinthitis
Meniere disease
Vertigo
Conductive hearing loss
Otitis externa
Otitis media
Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)
Neurofibromatosis
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Tympanic membrane perforation
Cataract
Glaucoma
Age-related macular degeneration
Color blindness
Diabetic retinopathy
Retinal detachment
Retinopathy of prematurity
Conjunctivitis
Corneal ulcer
Hordeolum (stye)
Keratitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Orbital cellulitis
Periorbital cellulitis
Uveitis
Retinoblastoma
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Cortical blindness
Hemianopsia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Psychiatric emergencies: Pathology review
Cerebral vascular disease: Pathology review
Congenital neurological disorders: Pathology review
Neurocutaneous disorders: Pathology review
Dementia: Pathology review
Amnesia, dissociative disorders and delirium: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Inflammation, infections and trauma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Refractive errors, lens disorders and glaucoma: Pathology review
Eye conditions: Retinal disorders: Pathology review
Vertigo: Pathology review
Spinal cord disorders: Pathology review
Central nervous system infections: Pathology review
Demyelinating disorders: Pathology review
Peroxisomal disorders: Pathology review
Movement disorders: Pathology review
Adult brain tumors: Pathology review
Pediatric brain tumors: Pathology review
Muscular dystrophies and mitochondrial myopathies: Pathology review
Neuromuscular junction disorders: Pathology review
Headaches: Pathology review
Seizures: Pathology review
Psychological sleep disorders: Pathology review
Traumatic brain injury: Pathology review
Renal and urinary system
Renal system anatomy and physiology
Body fluid compartments
Hydration
Movement of water between body compartments
Distal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Antidiuretic hormone
Free water clearance
Kidney countercurrent multiplication
Osmoregulation
Sodium homeostasis
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Phosphate, calcium and magnesium homeostasis
Potassium homeostasis
Sodium homeostasis
Erythropoietin
Vitamin D
Glomerular filtration
Measuring renal plasma flow and renal blood flow
Regulation of renal blood flow
Renal clearance
TF/Px ratio and TF/Pinulin
Tubular reabsorption and secretion
Tubular reabsorption and secretion of weak acids and bases
Tubular reabsorption of glucose
Tubular secretion of PAH
Urea recycling
Acid-base map and compensatory mechanisms
Buffering and Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Physiologic pH and buffers
The role of the kidney in acid-base balance
Metabolic acidosis
Plasma anion gap
Respiratory acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Bladder exstrophy
Horseshoe kidney
Hydronephrosis
Hypospadias and epispadias
Potter sequence
Renal agenesis
Alport syndrome
Goodpasture syndrome
IgA nephropathy (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
Amyloidosis
Diabetic nephropathy
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (NORD)
Lupus nephritis
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
Membranous nephropathy
Minimal change disease
Acute tubular necrosis
Renal papillary necrosis
Acute pyelonephritis
Chronic pyelonephritis
Lower urinary tract infection
Acute tubular necrosis
Postrenal azotemia
Prerenal azotemia
Renal azotemia
Chronic kidney disease
Kidney stones
Renal tubular acidosis
Angiomyolipoma
Medullary cystic kidney disease
Medullary sponge kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Polycystic kidney disease
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)
Non-urothelial bladder cancers
Renal cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma
WAGR syndrome
Neurogenic bladder
Posterior urethral valves
Urinary incontinence
Vesicoureteral reflux
Renal artery stenosis
Renal cortical necrosis
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Hypercalcemia
Hyperkalemia
Hypermagnesemia
Hypernatremia
Hyperphosphatemia
Hypocalcemia
Hypokalemia
Hypomagnesemia
Hyponatremia
Hypophosphatemia
Congenital renal disorders: Pathology review
Nephritic syndromes: Pathology review
Nephrotic syndromes: Pathology review
Urinary tract infections: Pathology review
Kidney stones: Pathology review
Renal failure: Pathology review
Renal tubular acidosis: Pathology review
Renal tubular defects: Pathology review
Renal and urinary tract masses: Pathology review
Urinary incontinence: Pathology review
Acid-base disturbances: Pathology review
Electrolyte disturbances: Pathology review
Reproductive system and breast
Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system
Estrogen and progesterone
Menopause
Menstrual cycle
Puberty and Tanner staging
Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system
Puberty and Tanner staging
Testosterone
Breastfeeding
Oxytocin and prolactin
Pregnancy
Stages of labor
Delayed puberty
Precocious puberty
5-alpha-reductase deficiency
Androgen insensitivity syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Breast cancer
Fibrocystic breast changes
Intraductal papilloma
Mastitis
Paget disease of the breast
Phyllodes tumor
Endometritis
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Urethritis
Amenorrhea: Primary
Amenorrhea: Secondary
Endometriosis
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Premature ovarian failure
Cervical cancer
Choriocarcinoma
Endometrial cancer
Endometrial hyperplasia
Gestational trophoblastic disease
Krukenberg tumor
Ovarian cyst
Ovarian germ cell tumors
Ovarian sex-cord stromal tumors
Ovarian surface epithelial tumors
Ovarian torsion
Uterine fibroid
Female sexual interest and arousal disorder
Genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder
Orgasmic dysfunction
Bladder exstrophy
Cryptorchidism
Hypospadias and epispadias
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Erectile dysfunction
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Penile cancer
Prostate cancer
Testicular cancer
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
Priapism
Testicular torsion
Varicocele
Cervical incompetence
Chorioamnionitis
Ectopic pregnancy
Gestational diabetes
Gestational hypertension
Hyperemesis gravidarum
Intrauterine growth restriction
Miscarriage
Oligohydramnios
Placenta accreta
Placenta previa
Placental abruption
Polyhydramnios
Potter sequence
Preeclampsia & eclampsia
Preterm labor
Postpartum hemorrhage
Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)
Congenital rubella syndrome
Congenital syphilis
Congenital toxoplasmosis
Neonatal conjunctivitis
Neonatal herpes simplex
Neonatal meningitis
Neonatal sepsis
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Benign breast conditions: Pathology review
Breast cancer: Pathology review
Amenorrhea: Pathology review
Cervical cancer: Pathology review
Ovarian cysts and tumors: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Vaginitis and cervicitis: Pathology review
Uterine disorders: Pathology review
Vaginal and vulvar disorders: Pathology review
Disorders of sex chromosomes: Pathology review
Disorders of sexual development and sex hormones: Pathology review
Sexually transmitted infections: Warts and ulcers: Pathology review
Penile conditions: Pathology review
Prostate disorders and cancer: Pathology review
Testicular and scrotal conditions: Pathology review
Testicular tumors: Pathology review
Complications during pregnancy: Pathology review
Congenital TORCH infections: Pathology review
Respiratory system
Airflow, pressure, and resistance
Alveolar gas equation
Boyle's law
Breathing cycle and regulation
Dalton's law
Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange
Fick's laws of diffusion
Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues
Graham's law
Henry's law
Ideal (general) gas law
Reading a chest X-ray
Respiratory system anatomy and physiology
Alveolar surface tension and surfactant
Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall
Compliance of lungs and chest wall
Carbon dioxide transport in blood
Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content
Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Anatomic and physiologic dead space
Lung volumes and capacities
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Pulmonary changes during exercise
Breathing control
Pulmonary chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors
Pulmonary shunts
Regulation of pulmonary blood flow
Ventilation
Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch
Zones of pulmonary blood flow
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Congenital pulmonary airway malformation
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Pneumonia
Allergic rhinitis
Bacterial epiglottitis
Bacterial tracheitis
Croup
Laryngitis
Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses
Sinusitis
Upper respiratory tract infection
Cyanide poisoning
Decompression sickness
Methemoglobinemia
Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness
Lung cancer
Mesothelioma
Nasal polyps
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Oral cancer
Pancoast tumor
Superior vena cava syndrome
Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Cystic fibrosis
Emphysema
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Restrictive lung diseases
Sarcoidosis
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Apnea of prematurity
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome
Transient tachypnea of the newborn
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary hypertension
Sleep apnea
Choanal atresia
Laryngomalacia
Tracheoesophageal fistula
Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review
Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review
Pneumonia: Pathology review
Tuberculosis: Pathology review
Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review
Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review
Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review
Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review
Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review
Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review
Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review
Skin and subcutaneous tissue
Skin anatomy and physiology
Hair, skin and nails
Wound healing
Xeroderma pigmentosum
Albinism
Vitiligo
Cellulitis
Erysipelas
Folliculitis
Impetigo
Necrotizing fasciitis
Atopic dermatitis
Contact dermatitis
Lichen planus
Psoriasis
Erythema multiforme
Pityriasis rosea
Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Urticaria
Bullous pemphigoid
Epidermolysis bullosa
Pemphigus vulgaris
Alopecia areata
Seborrhoeic dermatitis
Telogen effluvium
Onychomycosis
Acne vulgaris
Hidradenitis suppurativa
Rosacea
Actinic keratosis
Vascular tumors
Skin cancer
Aphthous ulcers
Burns
Frostbite
Pressure ulcer
Sunburn
Pigmentation skin disorders: Pathology review
Bacterial and viral skin infections: Pathology review
Papulosquamous and inflammatory skin disorders: Pathology review
Vesiculobullous and desquamating skin disorders: Pathology review
Viral exanthems of childhood: Pathology review
Acneiform skin disorders: Pathology review
Skin cancer: Pathology review
Flashcards
Gastric dumping syndrome
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Key Takeaways
Gastric dumping syndrome is a condition in which there is a rapid stomach emptying of chyme into the small bowel. It usually occurs as a complication after gastric surgery, which can make the stomach smaller or result in the destruction or bypass of the pyloric sphincter. This causes the hyperosmolar chyme (usually after a carbohydrate-rich meal) to move too quickly from the stomach to the small intestine and causes fluid retention in the intestine due to the osmotic gradient. This can cause problems such as cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.