Concussion and traumatic brain injury
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Concussion, also called a mild traumatic brain injury, usually starts with a hit to the head.
But what makes it a concussion is that the hit results in diffuse brain injury--meaning a large part of the brain is affected rather than a small specific area.
Also, concussions don’t cause obvious brain trauma that can be seen on imaging--like bleeding.
Most concussions are the result of injuries from things like motor vehicle accidents, falling down the stairs, recreational activities - like getting hit in boxing or getting tackled in a football game, or even violence in the home.
Now, the brain is made up of neurons--the functional cells of the nervous system.
Neurons are made up of three main parts. The dendrites, which are little branches off of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons, the soma, or cell body, which has all of the neuron’s main organelles like the nucleus, and the axon which is intermittently wrapped in fatty myelin.
When an electrical impulse called an action potential flows through a neuron, it causes the release of stored neurotransmitters into the gap between two neurons called the synapse.
This first neuron is called the presynaptic neuron.
And the next neuron, called the postsynaptic neuron, has receptors for the neurotransmitters on its dendrites which trigger the opening of ion channels in the postsynaptic neuron.
When the neurotransmitter glutamate binds to a postsynaptic neuron, it causes ion channels to open, and positively charged ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium enter the cell.
This is called an excitatory postsynaptic potential, or EPSP, because more positive charge inside the cell causes a depolarization to happen.
If the overall charge of the cell increases enough, it triggers an action potential, which is an electrical signal that races down the axon at speeds of up to 100 meters per second, triggering the release of more neurotransmitter at the next synapse.
In contrast to glutamate, neurotransmitters like GABA, or gamma-aminobutyric acid, binds to postsynaptic neurons and open ion channels that lets in negatively charged chloride ions, creating an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, or IPSP, which make the cell potential more negative by repolarizing it.
So ultimately it’s a bit of a tug-of-war between stimulation from EPSPs and inhibition from IPSPs that ultimately decides if a neuron fires an action potential.
Sources
- "Robbins Basic Pathology" Elsevier (2017)
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, Twentieth Edition (Vol.1 & Vol.2)" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine 8E" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2018)
- "CURRENT Medical Diagnosis and Treatment 2020" McGraw-Hill Education / Medical (2019)
- "Assessment, Management and Knowledge of Sport-Related Concussion: Systematic Review" Sports Medicine (2014)
- "The New Neurometabolic Cascade of Concussion" Neurosurgery (2014)
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