Case study - Hypovolemic shock: Nursing

CASE STUDY - HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK
	KEY POINTS	NOTES
INTRODUCTION	Emergency department 67-year-old man History: liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy
RECOGNIZING AND ANALYZING CUES	Recognize cues Blood pressure: 88/46 mmHg Mean arterial pressure (MAP): 60 mmHg Heart rate: 110 Peripheral pulses weak and thready Respirations: 22 Pulse oximetry: 88% room air Confused Pale, diaphoretic, capillary refill > 3 seconds Round and distended abdomen Analyze cues Early compensated stage of hypovolemic shock Third spacing
PRIORITIZING HYPOTHESES, GENERATING SOLUTIONS, AND TAKING ACTIONS	Priority hypothesis Fluid volume deficit Generate solutions MAP will be above 60 mmHg within 1 hour Take action Lowers head of bed Updates charge nurse Applies oxygen Inserts IVs Administers IV fluids and albumin Inserts urinary catheter
EVALUATING OUTCOMES	Blood pressure: 110/78 mmHg MAP: 60 mmHg Heart rate: 86 Respirations: 18 Oxygen saturation: 94% on 10L non-rebreather Capillary refill < 3 seconds Urine output: 35 mL Outcome met

Nurse Edwin works night shift at the emergency department and is caring for José, a 67-year-old male with a history of liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy. After settling José in his room, Nurse Edwin goes through the steps of the Clinical Judgment Measurement Model to make clinical decisions about José’s care by recognizing and analyzing cues, prioritizing hypotheses, generating solutions, taking action, and evaluating outcomes.

First, Nurse Edwin recognizes important cues, including José’s vital signs, which are blood pressure 88/46 mmHg, mean arterial pressure, or MAP of 60 mmHg, heart rate of 110 beats per minute and regular, peripheral pulses are weak and thready, and respirations 22 breaths per minute. Pulse oximetry is 88 percent on room air.

He's also confused and doesn’t know why he’s in the hospital. Nurse Edwin also notices that José appears pale, diaphoretic, and has a capillary refill of more than 3 seconds in his lower extremities. He also notes that José’s abdomen is round and distended.

Next, Nurse Edwin analyzes these cues. He collaborates with the health care provider, who determines that José is in the early decompensated stage of hypovolemic shock, due to third spacing. Nurse Edwin realizes José needs effective tissue perfusion.

Now, using the information he's gathered, along with José’s medical history, Nurse Edwin chooses a priority hypothesis of fluid volume deficit.

Then, he generates solutions to address José’s fluid and perfusion status with pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions; and he establishes the expected outcome that after intervening, José’s MAP will be above 60 mmHg within one hour.

Nurse Edwin then takes action to implement these solutions. He receives orders from the health care provider for IV fluids and albumin, oxygen at 10 liters per minute via non-rebreather mask, and insertion of an indwelling urinary catheter. Other orders include lactulose PO, and transfer to the intensive care unit for paracentesis and continued monitoring.

Next, Nurse Edwin lowers the head of José’s bed to promote perfusion to the brain. Then, he obtains the necessary supplies from the supply room.

On the way back to José’s room, Nurse Edwin passes the charge nurse, Cheryl, in the hallway.

Sources

"Lewis's medical-surgical nursing: Assessment and management of clinical problems. (12th ed.). ISBN: 978-0323792325" Elsevier. (2022)

"Medical-surgical nursing: Concepts for interprofessional and collaborative care. (10th ed.). ISBN: 978-0323654050" Elsevier. (2021)

"Shock Etiologies and Fluid Management in Liver Failure. 39(5), 538–545. " Seminars in respiratory and critical care medicine, (2018)

Case study - Hypovolemic shock: Nursing

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