Placebo effect and masking

Placebo effect and masking

Revision for finals delete as I go

Revision for finals delete as I go

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Fluoroquinolones

DNA synthesis inhibitors: Metronidazole

Antimetabolites: Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

Cell wall synthesis inhibitors: Cephalosporins

Type III hypersensitivity

Type IV hypersensitivity

Type I hypersensitivity

Type II hypersensitivity

Thymus histology

Viral structure and functions

Pharmacodynamics: Drug-receptor interactions

Pharmacodynamics: Agonist, partial agonist and antagonist

Somatosensory pathways

Somatosensory receptors

Ascending and descending spinal tracts

Pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts

Nervous system anatomy and physiology

Muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

Anatomy of the cranial meninges and dural venous sinuses

Anatomy of the blood supply to the brain

Anatomy of the abdominal viscera: Blood supply of the foregut, midgut and hindgut

Blood histology

Anatomy of the brainstem

Optic pathways and visual fields

Anatomy and physiology of the eye

Cerebral circulation

Stroke: Clinical

Cranial nerves rap

Cranial nerve pathways

Pharmacokinetics: Drug absorption and distribution

Anatomy of the basal ganglia

Basal ganglia: Direct and indirect pathway of movement

Anatomy of the cerebellum

Auditory transduction and pathways

Vestibular transduction

Complement system

Dementia and delirium: Clinical

Substance misuse and addiction: Clinical

Tricyclic antidepressants

Typical antipsychotics

Metabolic alkalosis

Seizures and epilepsy

Free radicals and cellular injury

Traumatic brain injury: Clinical

Concussion and traumatic brain injury

Major depressive disorder

Bone remodeling and repair

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome

Pediatric orthopedic conditions: Clinical

Colon histology

Stomach histology

Cartilage histology

Ovary histology

Paget disease of bone

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Osteomalacia and rickets

Osgood-Schlatter disease (traction apophysitis)

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis

Developmental dysplasia of the hip

Rotator cuff tear

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Klumpke paralysis

Erb-Duchenne palsy

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Compartment syndrome

Lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Ankylosing spondylitis

Muscular dystrophy

Inclusion body myopathy

Dermatomyositis

Myasthenia gravis

Opioid agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists and partial agonists

Antigout medications

Osteoporosis medications

Brachial plexus

Anatomy of the brachial plexus

Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical

Introduction to biostatistics

Mean, median, and mode

Range, variance, and standard deviation

Standard error of the mean (Central limit theorem)

Normal distribution and z-scores

Two-sample t-test

Hypothesis testing: One-tailed and two-tailed tests

Repeated measures ANOVA

Methods of regression analysis

Linear regression

Logistic regression

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient

Mann-Whitney U test

Kappa coefficient

Chi-squared test

Fisher's exact test

Kaplan-Meier survival analysis

Type I and type II errors

Sensitivity and specificity

Positive and negative predictive value

Test precision and accuracy

Incidence and prevalence

Relative and absolute risk

Attributable risk (AR)

Mortality rates and case-fatality

Direct standardization

Indirect standardization

Cross sectional study

Case-control study

Randomized control trial

Clinical trials

Placebo effect and masking

Disease causality

Information bias

Bias in interpreting results of clinical studies

Bias in performing clinical studies

Anatomy of the pelvic girdle

Anatomy of the pelvic cavity

Arteries and veins of the pelvis

Anatomy of the male reproductive organs of the pelvis

Nerves and lymphatics of the pelvis

Anatomy clinical correlates: Male pelvis and perineum

Anatomy of the breast

Anatomy of the female urogenital triangle

Anatomy clinical correlates: Breast

Development of the reproductive system

Prostate gland histology

Penis histology

Testis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicle histology

Mammary gland histology

Fallopian tube and uterus histology

Cervix and vagina histology

Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system

Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system

Estrogen and progesterone

Menstrual cycle

Stages of labor

Oxytocin and prolactin

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Prostate cancer

Erectile dysfunction

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Premature ovarian failure

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Preeclampsia & eclampsia

Placenta previa

Placental abruption

Potter sequence

Postpartum hemorrhage

Congenital cytomegalovirus (NORD)

Ectopic pregnancy

Fetal alcohol syndrome

PDE5 inhibitors

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Estrogens and antiestrogens

Progestins and antiprogestins

Aromatase inhibitors

Uterine stimulants and relaxants

Newborn management: Clinical

Neonatal jaundice: Clinical

Human development days 1-4

Human development days 4-7

Human development week 2

Human development week 3

Development of the placenta

Development of the fetal membranes

Development of twins

Hedgehog signaling pathway

Development of the digestive system and body cavities

Development of the umbilical cord

Development of the cardiovascular system

Fetal circulation

Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance

Pressures in the cardiovascular system

Resistance to blood flow

Compliance of blood vessels

Microcirculation and Starling forces

Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output

Cardiac contractility

Frank-Starling relationship

Cardiac preload

Cardiac afterload

Pressure-volume loops

Changes in pressure-volume loops

Action potentials in myocytes

Action potentials in pacemaker cells

Cardiac conduction system

Cardiac conduction velocity

ECG normal sinus rhythm

ECG rate and rhythm

ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia

ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors

Calcium channel blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Positive inotropic medications

Anatomy of the larynx and trachea

Bones and joints of the thoracic wall

Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall

Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Kidney histology

Anatomy of the diaphragm

Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Development of the respiratory system

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Trachea and bronchi histology

Bronchioles and alveoli histology

Respiratory system anatomy and physiology

Reading a chest X-ray

Lung volumes and capacities

Anatomic and physiologic dead space

Alveolar surface tension and surfactant

Zones of pulmonary blood flow

Regulation of pulmonary blood flow

Pulmonary shunts

Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch

Airflow, pressure, and resistance

Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues

Alveolar gas equation

Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange

Oxygen binding capacity and oxygen content

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Carbon dioxide transport in blood

Upper respiratory tract infection

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Chronic bronchitis

Cystic fibrosis

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Restrictive lung diseases

Pleural effusion

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary edema

Pulmonary hypertension

Antihistamines for allergies

Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines

Pituitary adenomas and pituitary hyperfunction: Clinical

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Aminoglycosides

Antituberculosis medications

Miscellaneous cell wall synthesis inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors: Tetracyclines

Miscellaneous protein synthesis inhibitors

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance

Integrase and entry inhibitors

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)

Protease inhibitors

Hepatitis medications

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)

Neuraminidase inhibitors

Herpesvirus medications

Miscellaneous antifungal medications

Light microscopy and staining methods

Cardiac muscle histology

Artery and vein histology

Arteriole, venule and capillary histology

Pituitary gland histology

Pancreas histology

Eye and ear histology

Gallbladder histology

Esophagus histology

Small intestine histology

Liver histology

Spleen histology

Lymph node histology

Skeletal muscle histology

Ureter, bladder and urethra histology

Flashcards

Placebo effect and masking

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Key Takeaways

The placebo effect is a phenomenon in which a patient's symptoms can improve after receiving a treatment that has no active therapeutic effect, such as a sugar pill. This can happen because patients expect the treatment to work and their belief in the treatment can influence their symptoms.

Masking or blinding is a strategy used in research to limit the effects of knowing whether or not a subject is getting therapy. The use of a placebo is one way to mask a subject from knowing whether they are receiving an active treatment or agent or whether they are in the control group. The strategy of double blinding � is to mask observers and data collectors from knowing which group the subjects are in.