Selective permeability of the cell membrane

The cell membrane is there to define what’s on the inside of a cell - the intracellular space - versus what’s on the outside of a cell - the extracellular space.And it helps regulate what comes in or out of the cell, which is called selective permeability.Movement across the cell membrane can occur by passive transport, which requires no energy, and active transport, which requires energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short.There are three types of passive transport - diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.Diffusion helps small, non-polar molecules, like oxygen and carbon dioxide, move across the membrane, from an area of high concentration to low concentration.The difference in concentrations is known as the concentration gradient, and diffusion can occur as long as this gradient exists, and stops once there are equal concentrations of the molecule on both sides.Facilitated diffusion helps larger molecules and polar molecules move across the membrane.Facilitated diffusion uses transport proteins like channels and carrier proteins.Channels are not very specific, and they can open or close to allow water and small polar molecules, like ions, that are dissolved in it to pass through.These channels open in response to certain stimuli - for example, the voltage gated calcium channels respond when the electrical charges on the two sides of the cell membrane change.Normally, there are more negative ions inside the cell than outside, so the inside of the cell membrane is negatively charged, and the outside is positively charged.When positive ions make their way inside the cell through one form of transport or another, the cell starts to depolarize gradually - so step by step, the membrane becomes more positive on the inside, and more negative on the outside.This change in the distribution of electrical charges makes the voltage gated calcium channels open and allow water, a lot of calcium ions, and a few sodium ions inside the cell.When the entire membrane is depolarized, the channels close back up and inflow stops.In contrast, carrier proteins are very specific - they have special binding sites that only allow certain molecules to bind to them, and they also have gates at both ends, which open sequentially.An example of a carrier protein is the glucose transporter protein called GLUT4.By default, the transporter is open to the outside, waiting for a glucose molecule to float by.When a glucose molecule binds to a special site within the transporter, the outer gate closes, and the inner gate opens.The glucose then unbinds, and floats freely into the cell, while the transporter will reset, awaiting for the next glucose molecule.Since glucose is moving down its concentration gradient, this requires no energy!Finally, there’s osmosis which - in addition to being an awesome company that explains medical topics really clearly - also describes the movement of water across the cell membrane.It’s a special case of facilitated diffusion, because water uses channels called aquaporins to move across the membrane.Osmosis is driven by osmotic pressure which is a force determined by the difference in solutes between the two sides.Osmotic pressure drives water from the hypotonic side - or the one with lower concentration of solutes - to the hypertonic side - or the one with higher concentration of solutes.But sometimes molecules need to be transported against their concentration gradient.That requires energy - or active transport across the cell membrane.Now, there are two kinds of active transport - primary and secondary.Primary active transport directly uses ATP as fuel, and it’s done by a family of enzymes called ATPases.ATPases have the ability to “pump” out substances, such as ions, using ATP.

Sort of like a candy dispenser. You insert a coin, and candy pops out.

Or, in our case, an ion pops out.The most important example is the Na+/K+ ATPase, which is a “double action” pump - meaning that for each ATP molecule, it pumps 3 ions of sodium out of the cell, while at the same time pumping 2 ions of potassium into the cell.This is an example of an antiport - because the two species of ions are pumped in opposite directions across the membrane.The resulting difference in concentrations of ions on either side of the membrane creates a concentration gradient, but since ions also carry electrical charges, it’s considered an electrochemical gradient, and the cell can use this in secondary active transport.Secondary active transport does not directly require ATP, but uses an electrochemical gradient - just like the one made using the sodium-potassium ATPase.An example is the sodium-glucose SGLT1 transporter, which pulls a molecule of glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient, along with two sodium ions that move along their concentration gradient.Since both sodium and glucose go in the same direction, this transporter is called a symport.Now, in addition, to pulling in individual molecules and ions, sometimes cells need to take in relatively large substances, like proteins, fat droplets - and sometimes entire other cells!In these situations, the cell resorts to bulk transport - using endocytosis - where the cell membrane invaginates and pulls in something from the outside or using exocytosis - where a vesicle from within the cell pushing something out.Okay, as a quick recap!

Passive transport requires no energy, and can occur as diffusion or facilitated diffusion which relies on carrier proteins or protein channels.There’s also Osmosis- which is when water moves from a hypotonic concentration to a hypertonic concentration.Osmosis is considered a special case of facilitated diffusion.Active transport, requires energy, and can either occur as primary active transport which uses ATP or secondary active transport which relies on