Tracheoesophageal fistula

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Tracheoesophageal fistula

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Atrial fibrillation

Premature atrial contraction

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Ventricular tachycardia

Brugada syndrome

Premature ventricular contraction

Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes

Ventricular fibrillation

Atrioventricular block

Bundle branch block

Pulseless electrical activity

Tricuspid valve disease

Pulmonary valve disease

Mitral valve disease

Aortic valve disease

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Rheumatic heart disease

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion

Cardiac tamponade

Dressler syndrome

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Proximal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

Kidney countercurrent multiplication

Plasma anion gap

Metabolic alkalosis

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

IgA nephropathy (NORD)

Lupus nephritis

Alport syndrome

Acute tubular necrosis

Prerenal azotemia

Postrenal azotemia

Renal papillary necrosis

Renal cortical necrosis

Medullary sponge kidney

Renal cell carcinoma

Vesicoureteral reflux

Calcium channel blockers

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

Lipid-lowering medications: Statins

Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Positive inotropic medications

Sympathomimetics: Direct agonists

Adrenergic antagonists: Alpha blockers

Adrenergic receptors

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Vasculitis: Pathology review

Shock: Pathology review

Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review

Osmotic diuretics

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Potassium sparing diuretics

Lower urinary tract infection

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Reading a chest X-ray

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Upper respiratory tract infection

Tracheoesophageal fistula

Congenital pulmonary airway malformation

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Pleural effusion

Pulmonary embolism

Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review

Pneumonia: Pathology review

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review

Tuberculosis: Pathology review

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review

Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review

Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review

Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review

Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review

Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review

Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines

Antihistamines for allergies

Frank-Starling relationship

Cardiac conduction velocity

ECG normal sinus rhythm

ECG rate and rhythm

ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia

ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement

Supraventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Pathology review

Antiplatelet medications

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

DNA alkylating medications

Heart failure: Pathology review

Anatomy clinical correlates: Other abdominal organs

Ureter, bladder and urethra histology

Kidney histology

Hypophosphatemia

Tubular secretion of PAH

Tubular reabsorption of glucose

Renal tubular acidosis

Acute pyelonephritis

Chronic pyelonephritis

Metabolic acidosis

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Peripheral artery disease: Pathology review

Joints of the ankle and foot

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Bowel obstruction

Key Takeaways

Tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) is a medical condition where there is an abnormal connection, or fistula, between the trachea (windpipe) and the esophagus (food pipe). In newborns, TEF occurs as a congenital birth defect caused by the failure of the trachea and esophagus to separate during fetal development. Symptoms of TEF include difficulty feeding, choking, coughing, and respiratory distress. In some cases, an infant may also develop aspiration pneumonia due to food or liquid entering the lungs through the fistula. Once diagnosed, prompt surgery is required to allow the food intake.