Pulmonary hypoplasia

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Pulmonary hypoplasia

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Anatomy of the larynx and trachea

Bones and joints of the thoracic wall

Vessels and nerves of the thoracic wall

Anatomy of the lungs and tracheobronchial tree

Muscles of the thoracic wall

Anatomy of the pleura

Development of the respiratory system

Nasal cavity and larynx histology

Bronchioles and alveoli histology

Trachea and bronchi histology

Respiratory system anatomy and physiology

Ventilation-perfusion ratios and V/Q mismatch

Alveolar surface tension and surfactant

Upper respiratory tract infection

Retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses

Bacterial epiglottitis

Anatomy of the pharynx and esophagus

Anatomy of the superior mediastinum

Anatomy of the inferior mediastinum

Regulation of pulmonary blood flow

Zones of pulmonary blood flow

Airflow, pressure, and resistance

Breathing cycle and regulation

Lung volumes and capacities

Pulmonary edema

Anatomic and physiologic dead space

Pulmonary shunts

Diffusion-limited and perfusion-limited gas exchange

Alveolar gas equation

Gas exchange in the lungs, blood and tissues

Anatomy clinical correlates: Thoracic wall

Anatomy clinical correlates: Pleura and lungs

Eustachian tube dysfunction

Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

Haemophilus influenzae

Bacterial tracheitis

Pediatric upper airway conditions: Clinical

Moraxella catarrhalis

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Human parainfluenza viruses

Epstein-Barr virus (Infectious mononucleosis)

Influenza virus

Pediatric ear, nose, and throat conditions: Clinical

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency

Compliance of lungs and chest wall

Combined pressure-volume curves for the lung and chest wall

Breathing cycle

Allergic rhinitis

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Sjogren syndrome

Nasal, oral and pharyngeal diseases: Pathology review

Choanal atresia

Aphthous ulcers

Thoracic outlet syndrome

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis: Clinical

Cystic fibrosis: Pathology review

Restrictive lung diseases

Restrictive lung diseases: Pathology review

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

Obstructive lung diseases: Pathology review

Chronic bronchitis

Asthma: Clinical

Type I hypersensitivity

Pharmacodynamics: Desensitization and tolerance

Pneumonia: Pathology review

Pneumonia: Clinical

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Pulmonary changes at high altitude and altitude sickness

Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Bronchodilators: Leukotriene antagonists and methylxanthines

Bronchodilators: Beta 2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis)

Antituberculosis medications

Tuberculosis: Pathology review

Respiratory syncytial virus

Lung cancer: Clinical

Lung cancer and mesothelioma: Pathology review

Horner syndrome

Superior vena cava syndrome

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Chronic granulomatous disease

Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)

Pleural effusion, pneumothorax, hemothorax and atelectasis: Pathology review

Pleural effusion: Clinical

Pleural effusion

Pneumothorax: Clinical

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Clinical

Pulmonary hypertension

Apnea, hypoventilation and pulmonary hypertension: Pathology review

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Respiratory distress syndrome: Pathology review

Pulmonary changes during exercise

Pulmonary chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

Pulmonary corticosteroids and mast cell inhibitors

Syncope: Clinical

Anatomy of the heart

Anatomy of the coronary circulation

ECG rate and rhythm

ECG normal sinus rhythm

ECG QRS transition

Cardiac conduction system

Normal heart sounds

Vasculitis: Clinical

Aortic aneurysms and dissections: Clinical

Vascular tumors

Aortic dissection

Aortic dissections and aneurysms: Pathology review

Raynaud phenomenon

Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: Pathology review

Thrombophlebitis

Cardiac and vascular tumors: Pathology review

Sturge-Weber syndrome

Vasculitis: Pathology review

Kawasaki disease

Kawasaki disease: Clinical

Mitral valve disease

Tricuspid valve disease

Aortic valve disease

Pulmonary valve disease

Introduction to the cardiovascular system

Development of the cardiovascular system

Fetal circulation

Cardiac muscle histology

Arteriole, venule and capillary histology

Artery and vein histology

Cardiovascular system anatomy and physiology

Coronary circulation

Lymphatic system anatomy and physiology

Blood pressure, blood flow, and resistance

Laminar flow and Reynolds number

Compliance of blood vessels

Pressures in the cardiovascular system

Resistance to blood flow

Control of blood flow circulation

Microcirculation and Starling forces

Measuring cardiac output (Fick principle)

Frank-Starling relationship

Stroke volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output

Cardiac afterload

Cardiac preload

Cardiac contractility

Cardiac and vascular function curves

Altering cardiac and vascular function curves

Pressure-volume loops

Changes in pressure-volume loops

Abnormal heart sounds

Action potentials in myocytes

Excitability and refractory periods

Action potentials in pacemaker cells

Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling

Cardiac conduction velocity

ECG cardiac hypertrophy and enlargement

ECG cardiac infarction and ischemia

Transposition of the great vessels

Tetralogy of Fallot

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Total anomalous pulmonary venous return

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Patent ductus arteriosus

Coarctation of the aorta

Ventricular septal defect

Atrial septal defect

Human herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi sarcoma)

Chronic venous insufficiency

Behcet's disease

Aortic dissection

Marfan syndrome

Rheumatic heart disease

Pericarditis and pericardial effusion

Cardiac tamponade

Arterial disease

Angina pectoris

Unstable angina

Myocardial infarction

Prinzmetal angina

Hypertensive emergency

Renal artery stenosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Atrial fibrillation

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis: Pathology review

Coronary artery disease: Pathology review

Valvular heart disease: Pathology review

Cardiomyopathies: Pathology review

Dyslipidemias: Pathology review

Hypertension: Pathology review

Endocarditis: Pathology review

Pericardial disease: Pathology review

Shock: Clinical

Shock: Pathology review

Premature atrial contraction

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)

Ventricular tachycardia

Premature ventricular contraction

Ventricular fibrillation

Brugada syndrome

Long QT syndrome and Torsade de pointes

Atrioventricular block

Bundle branch block

Heart failure: Clinical

Heart failure: Pathology review

Positive inotropic medications

Lipid-lowering medications: Statins

Lipid-lowering medications: Fibrates

Miscellaneous lipid-lowering medications

Class III antiarrhythmics: Potassium channel blockers

Class I antiarrhythmics: Sodium channel blockers

Class II antiarrhythmics: Beta blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmics: Calcium channel blockers and others

cGMP mediated smooth muscle vasodilators

Adrenergic antagonists: Beta blockers

Calcium channel blockers

ACE inhibitors, ARBs and direct renin inhibitors

Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics

Ventricular arrhythmias: Pathology review

Acyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Cyanotic congenital heart defects: Pathology review

Dressler syndrome

Familial hypercholesterolemia

Abetalipoproteinemia

Hypertriglyceridemia

Pheochromocytoma

Antihistamines for allergies

Mycobacterium avium complex (NORD)

Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystis pneumonia)

Cryptococcus neoformans

Coccidioidomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis

Aspergillus fumigatus

Key Takeaways

Pulmonary hypoplasia is a congenital condition in which the lungs are underdeveloped, resulting in an abnormally low number or size of bronchopulmonary segments or alveoli and a reduced lung capacity. Symptoms of pulmonary hypoplasia include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and difficulty feeding. Treatment for pulmonary hypoplasia involves providing supplemental oxygen or using a mechanical ventilator to help the baby breathe. In severe cases, a lung transplant may be necessary.